Microsporidiosis in Venezuela: Prevalence of Intestinal Microsporidiosis and Its Contribution to Diarrhea in a Group of Human Immunodeficiency Virus–infected Patients From Zulia State

Chacín-Bonilla, Leonor; Panunzio, Amelia P.; Monsalve-Castillo, Francisca; Parra-Cepeda, Irene E.; Martı́nez, Rodrigo

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2006.74.482

Cited by 36 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…However, in the Canary Islands, Spain, E. bieneusi was reported in 18 (11.5%) of 156 stool samples using PCR/hybridization in immunocompetent individuals (Abreu-Acosta et al, 2005). In Latin American countries such as Venezuela, microsporidia were detected in 14 (13.6%) of 103 HIV patients with no significant difference in the occurrence of the infection in patients with diarrhea and controls (P = 0.118) (Chacin-Bonilla et al, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsporidiosis in South Africa: PCR detection in stool samples of HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals and school children in Vhembe district, Limpopo Province

Samie

Obi

Tzipori

et al. 2007

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygi

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SummaryMicrosporidia were initially recognized as pathogens of insects and fish but have recently emerged as an important group of human pathogens, especially in immune-compromised individuals, such as those with HIV infection. In this study, we used a PCR-RFLP assay confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR and trichrome staining to determine the prevalence of microsporidian infections among hospital patients and school children in Vhembe region. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was the only microsporidian species detected in these stool samples. It was found in 33 (12.9%) of 255 samples from the hospitals and in 3 (4.5%) of 67 samples from primary school children and was significantly associated (P = 0.039) with diarrhea in HIV-positive patients (21.6%) compared to HIV-negative individuals (9%). However, microsporidian infections were not associated with intestinal inflammation as indicated by the lactoferrin test. These results suggest that microsporidia might be a cause of secretory diarrhea in HIV-positive patients. To our knowledge, this is the first report of E. bieneusi in the Vhembe region of South Africa. Further investigations are needed in order to clarify the pathogenesis of E. bieneusi in HIV-positive patients. Authors' contributions: AS, CLO, ST and RLG conceived the study; AS, ST, LMW and RLG designed the study; RLG provided supplies for the laboratory studies that were conducted in his laboratory; AS ran all the laboratory analysis; AS, CLO, LMW and RLG participated in the data analysis; AS and RLG drafted the paper; CLO, ST, LMW and RLG critically revised the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors revised and approved the final version of the manuscript. AS and RLG are guarantors of the paper. Conflict of interest: None declared.Ethical approval: The study was approved by the research and ethical committee of the University of Venda and the Department of Health and Welfare and the Department of Education in Polokwane, Limpopo Province, South Africa, before the initiation of the study. The molecular analysis was conducted according to the University of Virginia ethics guidelines on non-identified samples.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsporidiosis in South Africa: PCR detection in stool samples of HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals and school children in Vhembe district, Limpopo Province

Samie

Obi

Tzipori

et al. 2007

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygi

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“…However in some studies there were no statistically significant associations between the presence of microsporidia, namely E. bieneusi , in faecal specimens and patients with diarrhea [45, 55, 83–85]. Several studies suggest that E. bieneusi infection can remain asymptomatic suggesting that some persons may be asymptomatic carriers of these microorganisms [19, 49, 69, 77].…”

Section: Patterns Of Enterocytozoon Bieneusi Intestinal Infection mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology ofEnterocytozoon bieneusiInfection in Humans

Matos

Lobo

Xiao

2012

Journal of Parasitology Research

209

169

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A review was conducted to examine published works that focus on the complex epidemiology of Enterocytozoon bieneusi infection in humans. Studies on the prevalence of these emerging microsporidian pathogens in humans, in developed and developing countries, the different clinical spectra of E. bieneusi intestinal infection in children, in different settings, and the risk factors associated with E. bieneusi infection have been reviewed. This paper also analyses the impact of the recent application of PCR-based molecular methods for species-specific identification and genotype differentiation has had in increasing the knowledge of the molecular epidemiology of E. bieneusi in humans. The advances in the epidemiology of E. bieneusi, in the last two decades, emphasize the importance of epidemiological control and prevention of E. bieneusi infections, from both the veterinary and human medical perspectives.

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“…Microsporidia are opportunistic parasites predominantly associated with severely immuno-suppressed AIDS patients [14]. To this day, the incidence of microsporidia in HIV patients remains elevated in places like Russia, Venezuela and Thailand, where microsporidia prevalence amongst AIDS patients can range from 13 to 80% [15–17]. Additionally, in the past two years, there have been increasing reports of microsporidiosis associated with solid organ transplant recipients [18–20].…”

Section: Microsporidiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Effector CD8 T cell immunity in microsporidial infection: a lone defense mechanism

2015

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Microsporidia are a group of pathogens, which can pose severe risks to the immunocompromised population such as HIV infected individuals. The expertise to diagnose these pathogens is limited and therefore their prevalence is believed to be much higher than what is currently known. In a mouse model of infections, it has been reported that CD8 T cells are the primary effector cells responsible for protecting the infected host. As the infection is acquired via per-oral route, CD8 T cells in the gut compartment apparently act as a first line of defense against the pathogens. Thus, generation of a robust CD8 T cell response that exhibits polyfunctional ability is critical for host survival. In this review, we describe the effector CD8 T cells generated during microsporidial infection and underline the factors that may be essential for the elicitation of protective immunity against this understudied but significant pathogen. Overall, this review will highlight the necessity for a better understanding of the development of the CD8 T cell response in gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and provide some insights into therapies that may be used to restore defective CD8 T cell functionality in an immunocompromised situation.

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Microsporidiosis in Venezuela: Prevalence of Intestinal Microsporidiosis and Its Contribution to Diarrhea in a Group of Human Immunodeficiency Virus–infected Patients From Zulia State

Cited by 36 publications

References 31 publications

Microsporidiosis in South Africa: PCR detection in stool samples of HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals and school children in Vhembe district, Limpopo Province

Microsporidiosis in South Africa: PCR detection in stool samples of HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals and school children in Vhembe district, Limpopo Province

Epidemiology ofEnterocytozoon bieneusiInfection in Humans

Effector CD8 T cell immunity in microsporidial infection: a lone defense mechanism

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