Microstrip Line-Based Glucose Sensor for Noninvasive Continuous Monitoring Using the Main Field for Sensing and Multivariable Crosschecking

Huang, Shao Ying; Omkar,; Yoshida, Yu; Inda, Adan Jafet Garcia; Chia, Xavier X.; Mu, Wen Chuan; Meng, Yu Song; Yu, Wenwei

doi:10.1109/jsen.2018.2877691

Cited by 72 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…However, the level of sensitivity recorded experimentally at one mode WGH 700 has shown to be much higher compared to other glucose sensors operating at different frequency bands and recently reported in the literature as shown in Table 5. For instance, the Microstrip line (MLIN)-based glucose sensor proposed in [39] achieved an average sensitivity of 0.18 dB/(mg/ml) in terms of the reflection coefficient when working in the frequency band 1.4-1.9 GHz. The sensor exploits the interaction between the main field and the SUT in the substrate region of an MLIN terminated with a load.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [17] a waveguide transmission probe was clamped onto the ear of a live anesthetic rat in order to observe the EM properties continuously on VNA. The authors recorded a correlation between blood glucose concentrations and the absorption/reflection properties of the mm-wave transmitted in the Ka band (27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40) as demonstrated by the considerable changes in the absorption/reflection parameters during the 0.5 mL intraperitoneal (IP) injection of glucose and insulin into the rat under experiment. A recent study in [29] proposed a mm-wave sensing system that consists of a pair of 60 GHz microstrip patch antennas placed across the interrogated blood sample.…”

Section: Dielectric Properties Of Glucose-loaded Solutions At Mm-mentioning

confidence: 99%

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WGM-Based Sensing of Characterized Glucose- Aqueous Solutions at mm-Waves

et al. 2020

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A newly-developed commercial coaxial probe kit (DAK-TL) is used to characterize the electromagnetic properties of glucose-loaded samples prepared at a range of concentrations 0.7-1.2 mg/ml similar to Type-2 normal diabetics in a broad range of frequencies from 300 MHz to 67 GHz using two different 50 open-ended coaxial probes. The objective is to determine the spectrum portion of the most sensitivity to slight variations in glucose concentrations and to identify the amount of change in the dielectric permittivity and loss tangent due to different concentrations of interest. The millimeter-wave range 50-67 GHz has shown to be promising for acquiring both high sensitivity and sufficient penetration depth for the most interaction between the glucose molecules and electromagnetic waves. Subsequently, the relative permittivity of the glucose-water mimicking samples are modeled in this mm-wave band using a single-pole Debye model with independent coefficients. The fitted Debye model is used to design a simple low-cost highly-sensitive integrated mm-wave sensing structure that utilizes the travelling-wave Whispering Gallery Modes (WGMs) launched in a dielectric disc resonator (DDR) when coupled to a dielectric image waveguide (DIG). The proposed sensor is used for continuous monitoring of glucose levels in blood mimicking aquatic solutions by tracking the variations in the magnitude and phase of the WGM transmission resonances in the mm-wave spectrum. This happens in reaction to the strong interactions of the coupled WGM evanescent field with the glucose samples loaded on top of the DDR inside a container. The sensor exhibits a high sensitivity performance (2.5-7.7 dB/[mg/ml]) for the two proposed DIG layouts, straight and curved, at the lower-order modes WGH 600 and WGH 700 of its five pure WGH modes supported in the frequency range 50-70 GHz as demonstrated by numerical simulations in a 3D full-wave EM solver and validated through proof-of-concept measurements.INDEX TERMS Debye model, dielectric characterization, mm-wave sensing, non-invasive glucose detection, WGM resonator.ALA ELDIN OMER (Student Member, IEEE) received the primary and secondary education in Khartoum, Sudan. He was ranked as the third top student over whole Sudan ranking in the Sudanese High School Certificate (SHSC) with an average of (96.4%). He received the B.Sc. degree (magna cum laude) in electrical and electronics engineering with specialization in communication engineering from the University of Khartoum, Sudan, in 2013, the M.Sc. degree (summa cum laude) in electrical engineering from the American University of Sharjah (AUS), in 2016, where he was awarded a two-year Graduate Assistantship from the Department of Electrical Engineering. He is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree with the Centre for Intelligent Antenna and Radio Systems (CIARS),

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dielectric Properties Of Glucose-loaded Solutions At Mm-mentioning

confidence: 99%

WGM-Based Sensing of Characterized Glucose- Aqueous Solutions at mm-Waves

et al. 2020

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“…A microstrip-line-based multi-band resonator, operating between 100 MHz and 500 MHz and 1.4 GHz to 1.8 GHz, was proposed in [54]. The resonator was tested using glucose solutions, with concentrations from 0 mg/dL to 5000 mg/dL.…”

Section: Frequency Of Choicementioning

confidence: 99%

Radio-Frequency and Microwave Techniques for Non-Invasive Measurement of Blood Glucose Levels

2019

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“…The World Health Organization estimates that diabetes was the seventh leading cause of death in 2016 . To keep the dangerous scale divisions in mind, alleviate symptoms and diminish complications, the glucose levels of the diabetic patients should be monitored daily, combined with appropriate medication . Although the widely used electrochemical meter provides high accuracy and reliability, it is invasive, introduces pain, and involves a higher risk of infection .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gain‐Assisted Active Spoof Plasmonic Fano Resonance for High‐Resolution Sensing of Glucose Aqueous Solutions

Zhou

Zhao

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Technologies

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techniques using mid-infrared light, [5] surface plasmon resonance interferometry, [6] Raman spectroscopy, [7] electrochemical techniques using tears, [8] etc. However, these techniques suffer from size issues, or intermittent monitoring, or low sensitivity. According to ISO 15197:2013 specifies requirements for in vitro glucose monitoring systems, the detection error should be smaller than 0.83 mmol L −1 (15 mg dL −1 ) when the glucose concentration is smaller than 5.5 mmol L −1 (99 mg dL −1 ). However, only a few of the aforementioned sensors has focused on the sensitivity of minute change of the glucose concentration. In most cases, the sensitivity is larger than 20 mg dL −1 . [2,3,9,10] Metamaterials are artificial electromagnetic (EM) structures composed of subwavelength resonators with narrow-spectral feature, which are well suitable for sensing applications. [11,12] Localized surface plasmons (LSPs) arise from electron resonances of the nanoparticle surface and applied EM fields, which can produce significant local field enhancements [13][14][15] and are highly sensitive to the particle geometry and local dielectric environment. Hence, LSPs are especially suited for chemical and biological sensors. [16,17] It has been shown that plasmonic metamaterials can support spoof LSPs at microwave or terahertz (THz) frequencies. [18] Multipolar spoof LSPs on ultrathin planar textured metallic disk provide higher sensitivity, since these resonance modes are sharper than the dipole mode. [19] However, substantial losses (including the radiative and nonradiative losses) in metamaterials would significantly restrict the sensitivity, especially when the samples under test are polar liquids (high loss dielectrics, such as water) at the microwave frequencies. [20] Different schemes have been demonstrated to compensate the nonradiative losses such as by optimizing the subwavelength structures [21,22] and using superconductor. [23] The incorporation of gain medium can compensate the substantial losses, allowing for loss-free operation, amplification, and nanoscopic lasing. [24][25][26] Recently, gain-assisted ultrahigh-Q spoof plasmonic resonator has been experimentally demonstrated for polar liquids sensing at the microwave frequencies. [27] By directly incorporating a subwavelength amplifier chip into the spoof plasmonic resonator, the Q factor has been increased by several orders of magnitude. However, there exist significant radiative losses for the open structures, which hampers the limit of detection (LOD). Through exploring the coupling effects between meta-atoms, toroidal LSPs, [28,29] metadimer, [30,31] and Fano resonances [32,33] have been Fano resonance has received much attention in recent years due to its promising applications in surface enhanced phenomena, sensing, and nonlinear optics. However, it is challenging to achieve both high quality (Q) factor and high intensity using the Fano resonance. Different from active switching/tuning of plasmonic Fano resonances, gain-assisted active spoof plasmonic Fano reso...

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Microstrip Line-Based Glucose Sensor for Noninvasive Continuous Monitoring Using the Main Field for Sensing and Multivariable Crosschecking

Cited by 72 publications

References 25 publications

WGM-Based Sensing of Characterized Glucose- Aqueous Solutions at mm-Waves

WGM-Based Sensing of Characterized Glucose- Aqueous Solutions at mm-Waves

Radio-Frequency and Microwave Techniques for Non-Invasive Measurement of Blood Glucose Levels

Gain‐Assisted Active Spoof Plasmonic Fano Resonance for High‐Resolution Sensing of Glucose Aqueous Solutions

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