WGM-Based Sensing of Characterized Glucose- Aqueous Solutions at mm-Waves

Omer, Ala Eldin; Gigoyan, Suren; Shaker, George; Safavi‐Naeini, Safieddin

doi:10.1109/access.2020.2975805

Cited by 49 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Glucose biosensors have been long used in biology, chemistry, food processing and diabetes diagnosis [1,2]. The developments of glucose biosensors, working on different principles, have been reported previously [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Among them, microwave-based biosensors have been widely used due to their high sensitivity, simultaneous measurement, fast response, robustness and low cost [11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypersensitized Metamaterials Based on a Corona-Shaped Resonator for Efficient Detection of Glucose

et al. 2020

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In this work, a new design for a real-time noninvasive metamaterial sensor, based on a corona-shaped resonator, is proposed. The sensor was designed numerically and fabricated experimentally in order to be utilized for efficient detection of glucose in aqueous solutions such as water and blood. The sensor was inspired by a corona in-plane-shaped design with the presumption that its circular structure might produce a broader interaction of the electromagnetic waves with the glucose samples. A clear shift in the resonance frequency was observed for various glucose samples, which implies that the proposed sensor has a good sensitivity and can be easily utilized to distinguish any glucose concentration, even though their dielectric coefficients are close. Results showed a superior performance in terms of resonance frequency shift (1.51 GHz) and quality factor (246) compared to those reported in the literature. The transmission variation level ∆|S21| was investigated for glucose concentration in both water and blood. The sensing mechanism was elaborated through the surface current, electric field and magnetic field distributions on the corona resonator. The proposed metamaterials sensor is considered to be a promising candidate for biosensor and medicine applications in human glycaemia monitoring.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypersensitized Metamaterials Based on a Corona-Shaped Resonator for Efficient Detection of Glucose

et al. 2020

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“…This would also help to secure the reproducibility of measured scattering data. Many other studies have also adopted the glucose aqueous solutions for preliminary experiments on non-invasive glucose detection using RF sensors 54 – 56 . This approximation is valid since water contributes about 50% of the entire human blood that contains other vital components at varying proportions (e.g.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-cost portable microwave sensor for non-invasive monitoring of blood glucose level: novel design utilizing a four-cell CSRR hexagonal configuration

Omer

Shaker

Safavi‐Naeini

et al. 2020

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This article presents a novel design of portable planar microwave sensor for fast, accurate, and non-invasive monitoring of the blood glucose level as an effective technique for diabetes control and prevention. The proposed sensor design incorporates four cells of hexagonal-shaped complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs), arranged in a honey-cell configuration, and fabricated on a thin sheet of an FR4 dielectric substrate.The CSRR sensing elements are coupled via a planar microstrip-line to a radar board operating in the ISM band 2.4–2.5 GHz. The integrated sensor shows an impressive detection capability and a remarkable sensitivity of blood glucose levels (BGLs). The superior detection capability is attributed to the enhanced design of the CSRR sensing elements that expose the glucose samples to an intense interaction with the electromagnetic fields highly concentrated around the sensing region at the induced resonances. This feature enables the developed sensor to detect extremely delicate variations in the electromagnetic properties that characterize the varying-level glucose samples. The desired performance of the fabricated sensor is practically validated through in-vitro measurements using a convenient setup of Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) that records notable traces of frequency-shift responses when the sensor is loaded with samples of 70–120 mg/dL glucose concentrations. This is also demonstrated in the radar-driven prototype where the raw data collected at the radar receiving channel shows obvious patterns that reflect glucose-level variations. Furthermore, the differences in the sensor responses for tested glucose samples are quantified by applying the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) machine learning algorithm. The proposed sensor, beside its impressive detection capability of the diabetes-spectrum glucose levels, has several other favorable attributes including compact size, simple fabrication, affordable cost, non-ionizing nature, and minimum health risk or impact. Such attractive features promote the proposed sensor as a possible candidate for non-invasive glucose levels monitoring for diabetes as evidenced by the preliminary results from a proof-of-concept in-vivo experiment of tracking an individual’s BGL by placing his fingertip onto the sensor. The presented system is a developmental platform towards radar-driven wearable continuous BGL monitors.

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“…Among the presented sensors from Table 5, the most sensitive is the sensor of [21]. It is based on the measurements of the transmitted signal with resonant frequencies in the range of 50-70 GHz.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-Invasive Determination of Glucose Concentration Using a Near-Field Sensor

2021

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The article presents a model of a near-field sensor for non-invasive glucose monitoring. The sensor has a specific design and forms a rather extended near-field. Due to this, the high penetration of electromagnetic waves into highly absorbing media (biologic media) is achieved. It represents a combined slot antenna based on a flexible RO3003 substrate. Moreover, it is small and rather flat (25 mm in diameter, 0.76 mm thick). These circumstances are the distinguishing features of this sensor in comparison with microwave sensors of other designs. The article presents the results of numerical modeling and experimental verification of a near-field sensor. Furthermore, a phantom of human biological media (human hand) was created for experimentation. In the case of numerical modeling, the sensor is located close to the hand model. In a full-scale experiment, it is located close to the phantom of the human hand for the maximum interaction of the near-field with biological materials. As a result of a series of measurements for this sensor, the reflection coefficient is measured, and the dependences of the reflected signal on the frequency are plotted. According to the results of the experiments carried out, there is a clear difference in glucose concentrations. At the same time, the accuracy of determining the difference in glucose concentrations is high. The values of the amplitude of the reflected signal with a change in concentration differ by 0.5–0.8 dB. This sensor can be used for developing a non-invasive blood glucose measurement procedure.

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WGM-Based Sensing of Characterized Glucose- Aqueous Solutions at mm-Waves

Cited by 49 publications

References 43 publications

Hypersensitized Metamaterials Based on a Corona-Shaped Resonator for Efficient Detection of Glucose

Hypersensitized Metamaterials Based on a Corona-Shaped Resonator for Efficient Detection of Glucose

Low-cost portable microwave sensor for non-invasive monitoring of blood glucose level: novel design utilizing a four-cell CSRR hexagonal configuration

Non-Invasive Determination of Glucose Concentration Using a Near-Field Sensor

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