Non-Invasive Determination of Glucose Concentration Using a Near-Field Sensor

Gorst, Aleksandr; Zavyalova, Kseniya; Mironchev, Aleksandr

doi:10.3390/bios11030062

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The S 11 frequency response for RF sensor B was plotted as shown in Figure 7 and the values of frequency (f = 3.2548 GHz), magnitude (S 11 = −34.873 dB) and phase angle (θ = −155.487) were used to find the capacitance value of thin-layer PDMS. The load impedance formula shown in (6) was used to convert S 11 to capacitance value.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Permittivity values are inversely proportional to glucose concentration, where higher concentrations result in lower permittivity values. Different designs of radio frequency (RF) resonator sensors can be used to detect permittivity changes in a material such as circular [ 4 ], interdigital transducers (IDT) [ 5 ], near-field [ 6 ] and microstrip [ 7 ]. IDT is the most common design for a wide range of applications such as chemical sensor [ 8 ], food inspection [ 9 ] and humidity sensor [ 10 , 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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RF Remote Blood Glucose Sensor and a Microfluidic Vascular Phantom for Sensor Validation

et al. 2021

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Diabetes has become a major health problem in society. Invasive glucometers, although precise, only provide discrete measurements at specific times and are unsuitable for long-term monitoring due to the injuries caused on skin and the prohibitive cost of disposables. Remote, continuous, self-monitoring of blood sugar levels allows for active and better management of diabetics. In this work, we present a radio frequency (RF) sensor based on a stepped impedance resonator for remote blood glucose monitoring. When placed on top of a human hand, this RF interdigital sensor allows detection of variation in blood sugar levels by monitoring the changes in the dielectric constant of the material underneath. The designed stepped impedance resonator operates at 3.528 GHz with a Q factor of 1455. A microfluidic device structure that imitates the blood veins in the human hand was fabricated in PDMS to validate that the sensor can measure changes in glucose concentrations. To test the RF sensor, glucose solutions with concentrations ranging from 0 to 240 mg/dL were injected into the fluidic channels and placed underneath the RF sensor. The shifts in the resonance frequencies of the RF sensor were measured using a network analyzer via its S11 parameters. Based on the change in resonance frequencies, the sensitivity of the biosensor was found to be 264.2 kHz/mg·dL−1 and its LOD was calculated to be 29.89 mg/dL.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

RF Remote Blood Glucose Sensor and a Microfluidic Vascular Phantom for Sensor Validation

et al. 2021

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“…In general, the higher the frequency, the lower the penetration depth. Considering their similar working frequencies and working principles, the performances of [32,99] and [104] are similar, with accuracies of 0.0045 dB/(mg/dL), 0.0049 dB/(mg/dL) and 0.003 dB/(mg/dL), respectively. For the other working frequency range, [98] works better than [93], as the phase change to the glucose change is larger to 2°per 10 mg/dL.…”

Section: Non-invasive Sensor Principlesmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…This significantly depends on the chosen operating frequency, which defines the penetration depth. The working frequencies are mostly in the range of 0-6 GHz [32,92,[95][96][97]99,104,105,[138][139][140], and the others are in the range of 10-20 GHz [93,98]. In general, the higher the frequency, the lower the penetration depth.…”

Section: Non-invasive Sensor Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commercial and Scientific Solutions for Blood Glucose Monitoring—A Review

Xue

Thalmayer

Zeising

et al. 2022

Sensors

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Diabetes is a chronic and, according to the state of the art, an incurable disease. Therefore, to treat diabetes, regular blood glucose monitoring is crucial since it is mandatory to mitigate the risk and incidence of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Nowadays, it is common to use blood glucose meters or continuous glucose monitoring via stinging the skin, which is classified as invasive monitoring. In recent decades, non-invasive monitoring has been regarded as a dominant research field. In this paper, electrochemical and electromagnetic non-invasive blood glucose monitoring approaches will be discussed. Thereby, scientific sensor systems are compared to commercial devices by validating the sensor principle and investigating their performance utilizing the Clarke error grid. Additionally, the opportunities to enhance the overall accuracy and stability of non-invasive glucose sensing and even predict blood glucose development to avoid hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia using post-processing and sensor fusion are presented. Overall, the scientific approaches show a comparable accuracy in the Clarke error grid to that of the commercial ones. However, they are in different stages of development and, therefore, need improvement regarding parameter optimization, temperature dependency, or testing with blood under real conditions. Moreover, the size of scientific sensing solutions must be further reduced for a wearable monitoring system.

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“…Sensing techniques, such as thermal, optical, mechanical, and microwave-based methods, have been proposed. Glucose sensors using any of these technologies should be small in size and be able to operate multiple times and on small samples, with high sensitivity, accuracy, and resolution [1][2][3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Millimeter-Wave-Based Spoof Localized Surface Plasmonic Resonator for Sensing Glucose Concentration

2021

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Glucose-monitoring sensors are necessary and have been extensively studied to prevent and control health problems caused by diabetes. Spoof localized surface plasmon (LSP) resonance sensors have been investigated for chemical sensing and biosensing. A spoof LSP has similar characteristics to an LSP in the microwave or terahertz frequency range but with certain advantages, such as a high-quality factor and improved sensitivity. In general, microwave spoof LSP resonator-based glucose sensors have been studied. In this study, a millimeter-wave-based spoof surface plasmonic resonator sensor is designed to measure glucose concentrations. The millimeter-wave-based sensor has a smaller chip size and higher sensitivity than microwave-frequency sensors. Therefore, the microfluidic channel was designed to be reusable and able to operate with a small sample volume. For alignment, a polydimethylsiloxane channel was simultaneously fabricated using a multilayer bonding film to attach the upper side of the pattern, which is concentrated in the electromagnetic field. This real-time sensor detects the glucose concentration via changes in the S11 parameter and operates at 28 GHz with an average sensitivity of 0.015669 dB/(mg/dL) within the 0–300 mg/dL range. The minimum detectable concentration and the distinguishable signal are 1 mg/dL and 0.015669 dB, respectively, from a 3.4 μL sample. The reusability and reproducibility were assessed through replicates.

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Non-Invasive Determination of Glucose Concentration Using a Near-Field Sensor

Cited by 9 publications

References 21 publications

RF Remote Blood Glucose Sensor and a Microfluidic Vascular Phantom for Sensor Validation

RF Remote Blood Glucose Sensor and a Microfluidic Vascular Phantom for Sensor Validation

Commercial and Scientific Solutions for Blood Glucose Monitoring—A Review

Millimeter-Wave-Based Spoof Localized Surface Plasmonic Resonator for Sensing Glucose Concentration

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