Microstructural and mechanical characterization of high-alloy quenching and partitioning TRIP steel manufactured by electron beam melting

Lehnert, Robert; Wagner, R.; Burkhardt, Christina; Clausnitzer, Philipp; Weidner, Anja; Wendler, Marco; Volkova, Olena; Biermann, Horst

doi:10.1016/j.msea.2020.139684

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Recently, additive manufacturing technology has been widely used in steel, copper, titanium and other metal materials processing and manufacturing [10,32]. Lehnert et al [33] studied the microstructure and mechanical properties of high-alloy quenching and partitioning TRIP steel, which was processed by EBM. RANEY ® -type copper catalyst for methanol synthesis was manufactured by laser metal deposition (LMD).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Additive Manufacturing of Pure Copper

et al. 2021

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With the development of the aerospace and automotive industries, high heat exchange efficiency is a challenge facing the development of various industries. Pure copper has excellent mechanical and physical properties, especially high thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity. These excellent properties make pure copper the material of choice for the manufacture of heat exchangers and other electrical components. However, the traditional processing method is difficult to achieve the production of pure copper complex parts, so the production of pure copper parts through additive manufacturing has become a problem that must be overcome in industrial development. In this article, we not only reviewed the current status of research on the structural design and preparation of complex pure copper parts by researchers using selective laser melting (SLM), selective electron beam melting (SEBM) and binder jetting (BJ) in recent years, but also reviewed the forming, physical properties and mechanical aspects of pure copper parts prepared by different additive manufacturing methods. Finally, the development trend of additive manufacturing of pure copper parts is also prospected.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Additive Manufacturing of Pure Copper

et al. 2021

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“…Accurate assessment of the phases also influences alloy performance predictability in applications [5]. Previous studies have clearly demonstrated that, for many types of AM alloys, even when the starting feedstock materials have the correct composition and phases, due to the rapid solidification ubiquitous to AM, the as-built part can have either unexpected phases [6][7][8][9] or unexpected elemental distribution that can lead to unforeseen solid-state transformation during post processing [10][11][12][13][14]. Because of these reasons, we must understand the effect of nonequilibrium solidification on the phase landscape of AM parts in their as-built states, which, in turn, forms a basis of the numerical models that pursue optimization strategies for fabrication and post-processing, a crucial component for the advancement of AM technologies due to their vast parameter space.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Austenitic Is a Martensitic Steel Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion? A Cautionary Tale

Zhang

Stoudt

Hammadi

et al. 2021

Metals

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Accurate phase fraction analysis is an essential element of the microstructural characterization of alloys and often serves as a basis to quantify effects such as heat treatment or mechanical deformation. Additive manufacturing (AM) of metals, due to the intrinsic nonequilibrium solidification and spatial variability, creates additional challenges for the proper quantification of phase fraction. Such challenges are exacerbated when the alloy itself is prone to deformation-induced phase transformation. Using commonly available in-house X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and less commonly used synchrotron-based high-energy X-ray diffraction, we characterized nitrogen-atomized 17-4 precipitation-hardening martensitic stainless steel, a class of AM alloy that has received broad attention within the AM research community. On the same build, our measurements recovered the entire range of reported values on the austenite phase fractions of as-built AM 17-4 in literature, from ≈100% martensite to ≈100% austenite. Aided by Calphad simulation, our experimental findings established that our as-built AM 17-4 is almost fully austenitic and that in-house XRD and EBSD measurements are subject to significant uncertainties created by the specimen’s surface finish. Hence, measurements made using these techniques must be understood in their correct context. Our results carry significant implications, not only to AM 17-4 but also to AM alloys that are susceptible to deformation-induced structure transformation and suggest that characterizations with less accessible but bulk sensitive techniques such as synchrotron-based high energy X-ray diffraction or neutron diffraction may be required for proper understanding of these materials.

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