Microstructural changes around non-metallic inclusions caused by rolling-contact fatigue of ball-bearing steels

Becker, P. C.

doi:10.1179/030716981803275415

Cited by 131 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…This is logical, as 2-4 h is short test duration, and thus there is only a short time frame in which hydrogen can be generated and diffuse into the steel. Through contact surface inspection of rollers from the same test bearing, very little surface damage and no evidence of surface microcracking were also found at these early stages of RCF operation (see [ref paper 1] for further details), where surface micro-cracks and spall sites can act as sumps and zones for lubricant penetration and subsequent hydrogen generation.…”

Section: Thermal Desorption Analysis (Tda)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This conflicts with the results found in this study where negligible hydrogen concentrations are measured in the raceway relative to the rollers, and this discrepancy is, however, not fully understood given that similar test conditions and material were used. This discrepancy could be explained through steel cleanliness analysis conducted by the authors [ref paper 1], where the cleanliness of the raceway was found to be significantly 'cleaner' than the rollers. Therefore, this inconsistency could be due to differences in the cleanliness of the materials used between studies, where there is a lack of inclusion sites readily available to trap hydrogen.…”

Section: Rcf Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It could be argued that the increased concentrations are due to lubricant penetration into surface micro-cracks. However, again through contact surface analysis of rollers from the same test bearing conducted in [ref paper 1], SEM showed no evidence of surface micro-cracks; a more comprehensive analysis, however, should be conducted. In addition, serial sectioning analysis from the same study showed a minimal amount of cracks connecting to the contact surface, and all rollers analysed between 0 and 12 h were also nonspalled.…”

Section: Thermal Desorption Analysis (Tda)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of these suggested drivers is hydrogen, where hydrogen that is either sourced from the lubricant or water contamination is released during operation and diffuses into the bearing steel, diffusion of hydrogen leading to an 'embrittlement' of the steel and promoting WEC formations [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal Desorption Analysis of Hydrogen in Non-hydrogen-Charged Rolling Contact Fatigue-Tested 100Cr6 Steel

et al. 2017

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Hydrogen diffusion during rolling contact fatigue (RCF) is considered a potential root cause or accelerator of white etching cracks (WECs) in wind turbine gearbox bearing steels. Hydrogen entry into the bearing steel during operation is thought to occur either through the contact surface itself or through cracks that breach the contact surface, in both cases by the decomposition of lubricant through catalytic reactions and/or tribochemical reactions of water. Thermal desorption analysis (TDA) using two experimental set-ups has been used to measure the hydrogen concentration in non-hydrogen-charged bearings over increasing RCF test durations for the first time. TDA on both instruments revealed that hydrogen diffused into the rolling elements, increasing concentrations being measured for longer test durations, with numerous WECs having formed. On the other hand, across all test durations, negligible concentrations of hydrogen were measured in the raceways, and correspondingly no WECs formed. Evidence for a relationship between hydrogen concentration and either the formation or the acceleration of WECs is shown in the rollers, as WECs increased in number and severity with increasing test duration. It is assumed that hydrogen diffusion occurred at wear-induced nascent surfaces or areas of heterogeneous/patchy tribofilm, since most WECs did not breach the contact surface, and those that did only had very small crack volumes for entry of lubricant to have occurred.

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Section: Thermal Desorption Analysis (Tda)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rcf Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Thermal Desorption Analysis (Tda)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal Desorption Analysis of Hydrogen in Non-hydrogen-Charged Rolling Contact Fatigue-Tested 100Cr6 Steel

et al. 2017

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“…While the entry-related event was considered to be a low-frequency 1187 event with no indication of impulse-like characteristics [76,79,120,121,124], the exit-related event was 1188 considered to be a high-frequency event that is responsible for generating a burst of multiple, short-duration, prediction models , to understanding the science of bearing materials for enhancing the material 1201 quality [139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149] in order to increase bearing life. The kinematics and dynamics [133,[326][327][328][329][330][331][332][333][334][335][336][337][338][339][340][341] few research directions are discussed in the concluding paragraphs to be followed.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An extensive review of vibration modelling of rolling element bearings with localised and extended defects

Singh

Howard

Hansen

2015

Journal of Sound and Vibration

124

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This paper presents a review of literature concerned with the vibration modelling of rolling element bearings that have localised and extended defects. An overview is provided of contact fatigue, which initiates subsurface and surface fatigue spalling, and subsequently leads to reducing the useful life of rolling element bearings. A review is described of the development of all analytical and finite element (FE) models available in the literature for predicting the vibration response of rolling element bearings with localised and extended defects. Low-and high-frequency vibration signals are generated at the entry and exit of the rolling elements into and out of a bearing defect, respectively. The development of this finding is described along with analytical models to approximate these vibration signals. Algorithms to estimate the size of bearing defects are reviewed and their limitations are discussed. A summary of the literature is presented followed by recommendations for future research.

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Effect of Ruhrstahl Heraeus Refining Time on Inclusions and Rolling Contact Fatigue Life of a High‐Carbon Chromium Bearing Steel

Liu

Ren

et al. 2023

steel research int.

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According to the variation in the average composition, the average size, the number density, and the area fraction of large‐size inclusions during Ruhrstahl Heraeus (RH) refining process, large‐size inclusions in the high‐carbon chromium‐bearing steel reach the lowest level when the vacuum cycle time is 25 min. When the soft blowing time reaches over 25 min, the number density and area fraction of large‐size inclusions increase. The rolling contact fatigue (RCF) life of the forged steel samples is measured using a thrust RCF tester, indicating that the fatigue life of no. 1 steel (vacuum cycle 40 min, soft blowing 20 min) is 12% higher than that of no. 2 steel (vacuum cycle 20 min, soft blowing 40 min). Based on the estimation of the characteristic size of inclusions in the forged steel by the statistics of extreme values (SEV) method, it is concluded that when the characteristic size and the chemical composition of inclusions in steels are similar, the RCF life is increased by 12% when the number density of large‐size inclusions decreases from 0.63 to 0.44 mm−2.

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Microstructural changes around non-metallic inclusions caused by rolling-contact fatigue of ball-bearing steels

Cited by 131 publications

References 11 publications

Thermal Desorption Analysis of Hydrogen in Non-hydrogen-Charged Rolling Contact Fatigue-Tested 100Cr6 Steel

Thermal Desorption Analysis of Hydrogen in Non-hydrogen-Charged Rolling Contact Fatigue-Tested 100Cr6 Steel

An extensive review of vibration modelling of rolling element bearings with localised and extended defects

Effect of Ruhrstahl Heraeus Refining Time on Inclusions and Rolling Contact Fatigue Life of a High‐Carbon Chromium Bearing Steel

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