Microstructural, Mechanical, and Physicochemical Behaviours of Alkali Pre-treated Oil Palm Stalk Fibres

Xiang, Loo Yu; Hanipah, Suhaiza Hanim; Mohammed, Mohd Afandi P.; Baharuddin, Azhari Samsu; Lazim, Azwan Mat

doi:10.15376/biores.10.2.2783-2796

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Figure 4 shows images of the different stages that were involved in the extraction process of SCMC, where a comparison with COMM1 and COMM2 was analyzed by SEM. Similarly, Xiang et al (2015) reported that excessive lignin and waxes were apparent on the raw OPEFB stalk fibre.…”

Section: Ftir Analysismentioning

confidence: 95%

Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Stalk Fibres

et al. 2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The current extraction of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from wood has created competition with wood industries. Interest in alternative sources is critical to ensure the sustainable production of CMC. Therefore, the extraction of CMC from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) stalk fibres was evaluated. CMC extracted from OPEFB stalk fibres was characterized for chemical composition as well as by spectroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical, and rheological tests. Highest cellulose content was obtained from raw stalk fibres with the least amount of lignin and residual oil as compared to the empty fruit bunch (EFB) and spikelet. The XRD analysis revealed that the native cellulose was transformed into an amorphous phase, as evidenced from the characteristic peaks that had almost disappeared. Likewise, the FTIR analysis showed that major peaks in the lignin and hemicellulose were absent, which enabled the cellulose to be converted to CMC. Microscopy analysis showed notable changes in the fibres' morphology throughout the extraction process. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), physicochemical studies, and rheological tests on extracted CMC showed that there was a significant difference between each phase of the extraction process and this showed that OPEFB stalk fibre was feasible to produce CMC that was comparable to those of commercial CMC. Keywords: Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB); Stalk fibreContact information: Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; * Corresponding author: nuraliaa@upm.edu.my INTRODUCTIONPalm oil mills produce a few types of solid wastes, one of which is called oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). During the threshing process, the fresh fruit bunches (FFB) are rolled and threshed in rotating steel drums to separate the fruits from the stalks, and this process generates the empty fruit bunches (EFB). Attempts to transform OPEFB into valueadded products have gained wide attention because it is one of the most produced biomasses that come from oil palm refineries. The lignocellulosic composition in the dry OPEFB was 19% to 21% for lignin, 22% to 25% for hemicellulose, and 40% to 43% for cellulose (Razali et al. 2017).The two main parts of OPEFB are the stalk and spikelet, where Xiang et al. (2016) reported that the raw stalk fibre yielded the highest cellulose content and had the lowest lignin content. Likewise, the raw stalk fibre contains the lowest residual oil content when compared to the EFB and spikelets (Yunos et al. 2015;Xiang et al. 2016). The supplemental pre-treatment step during the extraction of cellulose and its derivatives is PEER-REVIEWED ARTICLE bioresources.com Parid et al. (2018). "Synthesis of CMC," BioResources 13(1), 535-554. 536 required to remove the residual oil present in oil palm fibres because it can influence the cellulose derivatives production (Fahma et al. 2010). Fu...

show abstract

Section: Ftir Analysismentioning

confidence: 95%

Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Stalk Fibres

et al. 2017

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Compared with DG1, the peak height of DG6 increased at 3427 cm − 1 , indicating an increase in hydrogen-bonded association -OH with cellulose, meaning an increase in the fiber water absorption. e main reasons for the increase of water absorption of the DG6 fiber are as follows: NaOH solution hydrolyzes the waxy layer on the surface of straw fibers into higher fatty acids and higher fatty alcohols and then destroys the waxy layer on the surface [50,51]; when the metal hydrated ions in the NaOH solution enter the cellulose and interact with hydrogen bonds on the cellulose chain, it destroys some crystalline region of cellulose, decreasing the crystallinity of cellulose [52,53]. On the other hand, the absorption peak of DG6 sees a significant increase at 2918 cm − 1 corresponding to DG1, but disappears at 1516 cm − 1 and 1242 cm − 1 and diminishes at 1057 cm − 1 , indicating that the content of cellulose increased, the content of lignin decreased, and the crystallinity of the fibers increased after modification with the NaOH solution.…”

Section: Effect Of Modification Methods On Chemical Structure Of Stramentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Straw Fiber Modification Methods on Compatibility between Straw Fibers and Cement‐Based Materials

Jiang

Cui

et al. 2020

Advances in Civil Engineering

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

To improve the utilization of crop straws as a resource and the compatibility between straw fibers and cement-based materials, the hydration of modified straw fiber cement-based composite (SFCC) was studied. e structural characteristic of SFCC was investigated by FTIR, SEM, and XRD. e results show that the setting time of several modified straw fiber SFCC pastes was shorter than that of the unmodified straw fiber SFCC paste, and the best method of fiber modification to improve the setting time of the SFCC paste is Na 2 O·nSiO 2 treatment. e recommended fiber modification method for improving the compatibility between straw fibers and cement-based materials is alkali modification, followed by pure acrylic emulsion modification and Na 2 O·nSiO 2 modification. To improve the strength of SFCC, the straw fiber should be modified by alkali, followed by pure acrylic emulsion and Na 2 O·nSiO 2 modification and the method of water modification is also recommended. e phase types and relative contents of crystalline hydration products mixed with the modified straw fiber SFCC are significantly higher than those of the unmodified fiber SFCC. e fiber treatment method that was most helpful to increase the structural density of hydrates of SFCC was alkali treatment and pure acrylic emulsion treatment, followed by Na 2 O·nSiO 2 treatment.

show abstract

“…The filler used was oil palm mesocarp fibres (OPMF) obtained from Besout Palm Oil Mill (Sungkai, Perak, Malaysia), which were kept in a controlled environmental of -20 °C. The fibres were washed to remove oil residues and dried at 105 °C for 24 h until moisture content reached below 5% (Xiang et al 2015). Regarding the treated sample used in degree of grafting (DOG) analysis, OPMF were treated with 500 mL of sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) at constant concentrations of 5% (w/v) of fibre to (NaOH) ratio of 1:10 (g/mL), as described by Xiang et al (2015).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fibres were washed to remove oil residues and dried at 105 °C for 24 h until moisture content reached below 5% (Xiang et al 2015). Regarding the treated sample used in degree of grafting (DOG) analysis, OPMF were treated with 500 mL of sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) at constant concentrations of 5% (w/v) of fibre to (NaOH) ratio of 1:10 (g/mL), as described by Xiang et al (2015). OPMF were soaked in NaOH solution for 30 min at room temperature and then autoclaved at 121°C, 15 psi for 5 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast, Karuppuchamy et al (2015) reported that silica bodies need to be removed via pre-treatment to increase fibre-matrix interface. In response, Xiang et al (2015) showed that pre-treatment will alter/reduce the mechanical strength of the fibres by weakening the cellulose-hemicellulose-lignin natural interaction within the fibres. Therefore, we believe that the best fibres to be used for composites are those with silica bodies still intact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effect of silica bodies on oil palm fibre-polyethylene composites

Hanipah

Omar

Talib

et al. 2019

BioRes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The influence of natural protrusion, also known as silica bodies, was studied in relationship to sliding resistance reinforcement in an oil palm fibre-polyethylene composites. Experimental work on oil palm fibres-LLDPE composites (using fibres with and without protrusions) was conducted, which included x-ray microtomography (µ-CT scan), scanning electron microscopy, and degree of grafting analyses. A finite element micromechanical model was then developed using information from the experimental results to simulate fibre pull-out from the matrix. Microscopic observation after mechanical tests of the composites showed crater marks due to silica bodies in contact with the matrix, whereas fibres were uniformly distributed inside the matrix from the µ-CT scan. Likewise, the degree of grafting analysis showed a positive influence of silica bodies as an additional reinforcement to the composites. These were further supported by the modelling results of fibre pull-out, which showed a clear difference between models with and without silica bodies.

show abstract

Microstructural, Mechanical, and Physicochemical Behaviours of Alkali Pre-treated Oil Palm Stalk Fibres

Cited by 13 publications

References 30 publications

Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Stalk Fibres

Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxymethyl Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Stalk Fibres

Effect of Straw Fiber Modification Methods on Compatibility between Straw Fibers and Cement‐Based Materials

Effect of silica bodies on oil palm fibre-polyethylene composites

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About