“…SMAs are easily recovered to their original shape after deformation, this feature is so called shape memory effect (Buytoz, Dagdelen, Qader, Kok, & Tanyildizi, 2019;Dagdelen, Aldalawi, Kok, & Qader, 2019;Kök et al, 2020;Kök, Zardawi, Qader, & Kanca, 2019;, because of this property SMA-based actuators are applied in a locomotion robot, manipulator and microrobot (Y. Tanaka & Yamada, 1991).…”