“…In previous studies, the martensite transformation process in Ti [18][19][20] and Fe [21] alloys had been clear, but in Co-Ni-Al FSMAs, a low martensite transformation temperature has still restricted its industrial applications. For another, doping magnetic rare elements in FSMAs, i.e., Dy [16,22], Tb [23], Nd [24], or Gd [25,26], can significantly affect the microstructure variation and phase transition temperature. Among those doping elements, the 3d electrons in rare earth Gd are delocalized and exterior, escorting to promote the valence electron concentration (R e/a ) and the magnetic valence number (Z m ) of alloys [25].…”