“…At least ten readings were obtained in the HEA matrix to avoid the effect of chemical inhomogeneity in order to represent the actual hardness of xW s , and the average value was used. Figure 6(a) summarizes the influence of the chemical composition on the hardness of xW s .Figure 6( a ) Effects of the composition on the hardness of xW s , ( b ) true stress-true strain curves of xW s , ( c ) variation in the compressive yield strength and fracture strain of xW s with varying compositions and a comparison with pure tungsten (this work), TaNbWMoV and TaNbWMo 93 and ( d ) Comparison of the hardness levels of xW s with W-V (W-3.5at.%V, W-16at.%V and W-21.3at.%V) 44 , W-Re (W-2at.%Re 48 and W-24.7at.%Re-SPS at 1500 °C) 47 , W-Cr (W-30at.%Cr, W-50at.%Cr and W-70at.%Cr) 58 , W-Mo (W-32.2at.%Mo, W-45.5at.%Mo and W-56.3at.%Mo) 56 , W-Ta (W-99at.%Ta, W-96at.%Ta and W-90.7at.%Ta) 50 , and W-Ti (W-29at.%Ti, W-40.2at.%Ti and W-48.8at.%Ti) 54 .
…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Titanium (Ti) and vanadium (V), representing a broader definition of refractory metals, were also selected. Ti plays a significant role in improving the sintered density 44, 52–54 through rapid and significant interdiffusion, mass transport through the interfaces, and rearrangements of particles 54, 108, 109 , whereas V aids in improving the strength and hardness of refractory HEAs 90 . Another refractory metal, chromium (Cr), was also chosen for use considering its ability to impart passivation 110 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For example, several W-based binary alloys, including W-Re 42 , 47 – 49 , W-Ta 50 , 51 , W-V 44 , 52 , W-Ti 53 – 55 , W-Mo 56 , 57 and W-Cr 55 , 58 , 59 have been studied. Significantly improved engineering characteristics of these alloys, as compared to those of pure tungsten, have also been explored 44 , 47 , 48 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 58 ,. However, detailed analyses of conventional binary alloys revealed several constraints as well.…”
The WxTaTiVCr high-entropy alloy with 32at.% of tungsten (W) and its derivative alloys with 42 to 90at.% of W with in-situ TiC were prepared via the mixing of elemental W, Ta, Ti, V and Cr powders followed by spark plasma sintering for the development of reduced-activation alloys for fusion plasma-facing materials. Characterization of the sintered samples revealed a BCC lattice and a multi-phase structure. The selected-area diffraction patterns confirmed the formation of TiC in the high-entropy alloy and its derivative alloys. It revealed the development of C15 (cubic) Laves phases as well in alloys with 71 to 90at.% W. A mechanical examination of the samples revealed a more than twofold improvement in the hardness and strength due to solid-solution strengthening and dispersion strengthening. This study explored the potential of powder metallurgy processing for the fabrication of a high-entropy alloy and other derived compositions with enhanced hardness and strength.
“…At least ten readings were obtained in the HEA matrix to avoid the effect of chemical inhomogeneity in order to represent the actual hardness of xW s , and the average value was used. Figure 6(a) summarizes the influence of the chemical composition on the hardness of xW s .Figure 6( a ) Effects of the composition on the hardness of xW s , ( b ) true stress-true strain curves of xW s , ( c ) variation in the compressive yield strength and fracture strain of xW s with varying compositions and a comparison with pure tungsten (this work), TaNbWMoV and TaNbWMo 93 and ( d ) Comparison of the hardness levels of xW s with W-V (W-3.5at.%V, W-16at.%V and W-21.3at.%V) 44 , W-Re (W-2at.%Re 48 and W-24.7at.%Re-SPS at 1500 °C) 47 , W-Cr (W-30at.%Cr, W-50at.%Cr and W-70at.%Cr) 58 , W-Mo (W-32.2at.%Mo, W-45.5at.%Mo and W-56.3at.%Mo) 56 , W-Ta (W-99at.%Ta, W-96at.%Ta and W-90.7at.%Ta) 50 , and W-Ti (W-29at.%Ti, W-40.2at.%Ti and W-48.8at.%Ti) 54 .
…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Titanium (Ti) and vanadium (V), representing a broader definition of refractory metals, were also selected. Ti plays a significant role in improving the sintered density 44, 52–54 through rapid and significant interdiffusion, mass transport through the interfaces, and rearrangements of particles 54, 108, 109 , whereas V aids in improving the strength and hardness of refractory HEAs 90 . Another refractory metal, chromium (Cr), was also chosen for use considering its ability to impart passivation 110 .…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For example, several W-based binary alloys, including W-Re 42 , 47 – 49 , W-Ta 50 , 51 , W-V 44 , 52 , W-Ti 53 – 55 , W-Mo 56 , 57 and W-Cr 55 , 58 , 59 have been studied. Significantly improved engineering characteristics of these alloys, as compared to those of pure tungsten, have also been explored 44 , 47 , 48 , 50 , 53 , 54 , 56 , 58 ,. However, detailed analyses of conventional binary alloys revealed several constraints as well.…”
The WxTaTiVCr high-entropy alloy with 32at.% of tungsten (W) and its derivative alloys with 42 to 90at.% of W with in-situ TiC were prepared via the mixing of elemental W, Ta, Ti, V and Cr powders followed by spark plasma sintering for the development of reduced-activation alloys for fusion plasma-facing materials. Characterization of the sintered samples revealed a BCC lattice and a multi-phase structure. The selected-area diffraction patterns confirmed the formation of TiC in the high-entropy alloy and its derivative alloys. It revealed the development of C15 (cubic) Laves phases as well in alloys with 71 to 90at.% W. A mechanical examination of the samples revealed a more than twofold improvement in the hardness and strength due to solid-solution strengthening and dispersion strengthening. This study explored the potential of powder metallurgy processing for the fabrication of a high-entropy alloy and other derived compositions with enhanced hardness and strength.
“…The advantages of W are coupled with its shortcomings, such as its low fracture toughness, radiation-induced embrittlement, blistering at moderate temperatures by Deuterium (D) and Helium (He), and formation of pits, holes and bubbles by Helium at higher temperatures [5][6][7]. In order to overcome the shortcomings in W, new strategies on adding different alloying elements to W, such as W-Re [8,9], W-Ta [10,11], W-V [12,13], W-Mo [14,15], W-Cr [16][17][18] and W-Ti [19,20] binary alloys, W-based composites [21][22][23][24][25], or nanostructure-engineered W [26][27][28] have been investigated. The reported W-based binary alloys have shown significant improvement in the mechanical properties [19,20].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In order to overcome the shortcomings in W, new strategies on adding different alloying elements to W, such as W-Re [8,9], W-Ta [10,11], W-V [12,13], W-Mo [14,15], W-Cr [16][17][18] and W-Ti [19,20] binary alloys, W-based composites [21][22][23][24][25], or nanostructure-engineered W [26][27][28] have been investigated. The reported W-based binary alloys have shown significant improvement in the mechanical properties [19,20]. However, experimental analysis in different aspects of binary alloys have revealed numerous constraints as well, such as irradiation induced embrittlement in W-Re and W-Os, deterioration of mechanical properties due to metastable phases in W-Ti and W-V alloys [1,9].…”
The phase stability, compressive strength, and tribology of tungsten alloy containing low activation elements, W0.5(TaTiVCr)0.5, at elevated temperature up to 1400 °C were investigated. The spark plasma sintered W0.5(TaTiVCr)0.5 alloy showed body centered cubic (BCC) structure, which was stable up to 1400 °C using in-situ high temperature XRD analysis and did not show formation of secondary phases. The W0.5(TaTiVCr)0.5 alloy showed exceptionally high compressive yield strength of 1136 ± 40 MPa, 830 ± 60 MPa and 425 ± 15 MPa at 1000 °C, 1200 °C and 1400 °C, respectively. The high temperature tribology at 400 °C showed an average coefficient of friction (COF) and low wear rate of 0.55 and 1.37 × 10−5 mm3/Nm, respectively. The superior compressive strength and wear resistance properties were attributed to the solid solution strengthening of the alloy. The low activation composition, high phase stability, superior high temperature strength, and good wear resistance at 400 °C of W0.5(TaTiVCr)0.5 suggest its potential utilization in extreme applications such as plasma facing materials, rocket nozzles and industrial tooling.
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