Microstructure and Texture of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel Additive Parts Fabricated by the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)

Abstract

Additive parts made of 2205 duplex stainless steel were fabricated by cold metal transfer (CMT) wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), and their microstructure and properties were systematically studied. The X-ray diffraction results show that austenite phase and ferrite phase were formed in the additive parts. Due to the low heat input characteristics of CMT-WAAM, no σ phase was observed. The microstructure in the additive parts was different from the bottom to the top, with the content of austenite phase gradually increasing and that of ferrite gradually decreasing. The EBSD results indicate that the ferrite phase in the bottom part grew parallel to the normal direction of {100}. However, the ferrite phase in the middle part grew parallel to the plane composed of the build direction and normal direction, and along {100} and {111}. The effect of the ferrite and austenite contents on the mechanical performance of the additive parts was simulated using the LAMMPS software. The simulation results exhibit a common characteristic in that the dislocations move mainly along the 1/6<112> crystallographic direction families. The simulated maximum tensile stress values of the bottom, middle, and top parts were 23.3 GPa, 22.3 Gpa, and 22.5 Gpa, respectively. The data from the bottom tensile strength simulation were consistent with the actual data, and the bottom tensile strength was the largest in the actual tensile process.

On the Enhancement of Material Formability in Hybrid Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing

“…It utilizes an electric arc to provide the thermal energy necessary for melting and depositing the wire feedstock material layer by layer and shares working principles with well-established gas metal arc, gas tungsten arc, or plasma arc welding processes [2]. The industrial interest in WAAM for the creation of large-scale parts with low-to-medium quality stems from its material efficiency and high deposition rates (5-6 kg/h) compared to other metal additive manufacturing (MAM) processes based on laser or electron beam thermal heat sources [3]. The widespread availability of arc welding-based machines and motion systems in metalworking companies further contributes to the growing interest in WAAM [4].…”

The Effects of ArC Voltage and Shielding Gas Type on the Microstructure of Wire ArC Additively Manufactured 2209 Duplex Stainless Steel

“…The ferrite ratio was the highest in the samples with the lowest interlayer temperature, but the process resulted in more porosity than the others. X. Bi et al [20] examined the 2205 duplex steel wires using cold metal transfer during WAAM. They measured decreasing ferrite content from the substrate to the top of the sample, while the austenite content was increased at the expense of ferrite.…”

Experimental and Numerical Investigation of CMT Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing of 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel

“…Wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is a promising technology that uses an arc as a heat source of the deposition of metal wires. Although the accuracy of WAAM is lower than that of powder-based AM, the technique is well suited for the production of medium complexity and large components [9,10].…”