Microstructure, mechanical, and biomimetic properties of fish scales from Pagrus major

Application of benchtop micro-XRF to geological materials

“…These energy ranges also show up as green and red flecks in patches of quartz ("Q" on Figure 7A), suggesting that the quartz patches are polycrystalline, and that the quartz grains are randomly oriented. Whilst hydroxyapatite is a common component of fish scales (Lanzing and Wright 1976;Ikoma et al 2003;Kalvoda et al 2009), these scales are practically invisible on the fossil itself. It is not clear whether the scales have simply been preserved in a way that is not visibly obvious, or whether they are preserved beneath a thin layer of limestone, but given the low atomic number of P and the low energy of X-rays it emits, we would expected that P-derived X-rays would be attenuated by just a few micrometers of overlying material and it is more likely that the scales have been preserved but are almost invisible to the naked eye.…”

Structure and mechanical properties of selected protective systems in marine organisms

“…As shown in Fig. 6b-c for fish scales, this causes the hydroxyapatite to take on Adapted from: (a) [62], (b) and (c) [64].…”

“…the structure of the templating constituent, in these cases type I collagen fibers [62][63][64]. As a result, the reactivity of the templating constituent has a significant effect on the adherence and structuring of hydroxyapatite in any biological material [65].…”

“…25c). They are found in teleosts, a major group of marine and freshwater fish that includes more than 26,000 species within 40 orders and 448 families; the majority of living fishes are members of this group, including the striped sea bass (Morone saxatilis) [180,190,191] and sea bream (Pagrus major) [64]. Cycloid scales, found mainly in soft fin ray fish, such as salmon, carp and eels, have a smooth margin.…”

Technology for Extracting Effective Components from Fish Scale

“…; the percentage of organic components was about 7%-25%, including hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate. Toshiyuki Ikoma et al [5] three-screws structure and the hydroxyapatite. Results of orthogonal action indicated that fish scale is composed of inner fibrillary plate and outer hydroxylapatite layer, the fiber of collagen was adhered by apatite.…”