Microwave extraction of incurred salinomycin from chicken tissues

Abstract

A rapid, accurate, environmentally friendly and cost-effective microwave extraction technique was developed for the extraction of spiked and incurred salinomycin from chicken tissues (kidney, liver, muscle, ovarian yolk and fat). Extraction of salinomycin from various tissues was achieved by irradiating the sample in absolute ethanol and 2-propanol (15 + 2) for 9 sec. in a common household microwave oven. The extract was analysed without further cleanup by HPLC on a C18 column (5 microns) and detected at 592 nm via post-column reaction with 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMABA) in a heated reactor coil at 86 degrees C. Recoveries of salinomycin from spiked tissues at 30 ng/g level ranged between 87 and 100%. The limit of quantitation was found to be 10 ng/g. The developed method was applied for the analysis of incurred tissues and ovarian yolk of laying chickens given sodium salinomycin in feed at different levels for 14 consecutive days followed by withdrawal periods. Residues were detected in all tissues and ovarian yolk at 0 withdrawal time but declined during the withdrawal period. Highest residue were found in fat and ovarian yolk.

Comparison of Microwave Assisted Extraction with Conventional (Homogenization, Vortexing) for the Determination of Incurred Salinomycin in Chicken Eggs and Tissues

“…For additional details please refer to Akhtar and Croteau. [1] Animal Treatment White Leghorn laying hens (1.5 to 2.1 kg body weight; 75 to 80% egg production) were fed ration containing 0 (control), 30, 60, 90, and 150 mg of SAL kg À1 for 14 days. Birds were sacrificed at 0, 1, and 3 days post-withdrawal from treated feed as described by Akhtar et al [24] Tissues and Eggs Samples of liver, kidney, and muscle from control and treated birds were cut into small pieces, hand-mixed, subdivided, and frozen in dry ice.…”

“…[1] Briefly, chicken tissues (cut into small pieces) and yolk (0.6 g) were added to a mixture of 15 mL absolute ethanol and 2 mL 2-propanol and irradiated at maximum power in a standard microwave oven (Panasonic Model NN 6552, 1500 W with a normal output of 900 W) for 9 s, and the extraction repeated once. (CAUTION: Proper precaution should be followed while using a common household microwave oven to avoid explosion.…”

“…Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions INTRODUCTION Preparation of sample extracts can be one of the most cumbersome steps in drug residue determination in tissues and eggs. Since early 1990s, a number of researchers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9] have promoted microwave assisted extraction (MAE) as a suitable alternative to different extraction techniques. As well as offering comparable or better extraction efficiency, other advantages of MAE include a reduction in consumption of energy, amount of toxic solvents used, and time for sample preparation.…”

“…Gerhardt et al [19] used iso-octane/ethyl acetate (9:1) to extract ionophores (salinomycin, monensin, narasin, and lasalocid) in spiked bovine, porcine and avian tissues followed by purification of the extract on a solid-phase extraction (SPE) column. Akhtar and Croteau [1] employed microwave radiation to extract SAL residues in chicken tissues and eggs in a mixture of ethanol and 2-propanol (15:2). Recently a microbial diffusion methods for the detection of salinomycin residues in tissues of broiler chickens have been reported.…”

“…[16][17][18]21,22,24] Recently 836 Akhtar ORDER REPRINTS the use of 4-dimethyl-aminobenzaldehyde (DMABA) as the derivatizing reagent was reported. [1,23] The current study was conducted to compare an MAE method [1] with a solvent and a vortexing solvent extraction method [24] for the extraction and determination of SAL residues in chicken tissues and eggs. Efforts were also made to analyse homogenized extract without any expensive time consuming cleanup procedure as mentioned by Gerhardt et al [19] MATERIALS AND METHODS…”