Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in healthy and diseased dromedaries

Alfuwaires, Manal; Altaher, Abdullah; Alhafufi, Ali; Kandeel, Mahmoud

doi:10.5958/2277-8934.2017.00036.4

Cited by 3 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…some uncertainties of these previous findings remain regarding the extent of exposure of imported camels to their local counterpart at such sites and the possible amplification of the infection at the end of the value-chain and before the actual sampling. It is noteworthy that the rate of positivity for MERS-CoV RNA in local camels is higher than those reported by most previous studies from Saudi Arabia which ranged from 12.1%-29.0% [18,44,[46][47][48] except for one study which showed a higher rate of 56.0% [19]. Furthermore, while temporal viral shedding has been suggested between December to May [19,29], viral RNA was detected throughout the sampling period in the current study except for the months of July and August in imported camels (data not shown) as previously reported [44].…”

Section: Plos Onecontrasting

confidence: 60%

Cross-sectional prevalence study of MERS-CoV in local and imported dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia, 2016-2018

et al. 2020

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The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an endemic virus in dromedaries. Annually, Saudi Arabia imports thousands of camels from the Horn of Africa, yet the epidemiology of MERS-CoV in these animals is largely unknown. Here, MERS-CoV prevalence was compared in imported African camels and their local counterparts. A total of 1399 paired sera and nasal swabs were collected from camels between 2016 and 2018. Imported animals from Sudan (n = 829) and Djibouti (n = 328) were sampled on incoming ships at Jeddah Islamic seaport before unloading, and local camels were sampled from Jeddah (n = 242). Samples were screened for neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and MERS-CoV viral RNA. The overall seroprevalence was 92.7% and RNA detection rate was 17.2%. Imported camels had higher seroprevalence compared to resident herds (93.8% vs 87.6%, p <0.01) in contrast to RNA detection (13.3% vs 35.5%, p <0.0001). Seroprevalence significantly increased with age (p<0.0001) and viral RNA detection rate was~2-folds higher in camels <2-year-old compared to older animals. RNA detection was higher in males verses females (24.3% vs 12.6%, p<0.0001) but seroprevalence was similar. Concurrent positivity for viral RNA and nAbs was found in >87% of the RNA positive animals, increased with age and was sex-dependent. Importantly, reduced viral RNA load was positively correlated with nAb titers. Our data confirm the widespread of MERS-CoV in imported and domestic camels in Saudi Arabia and highlight the need for continuous active surveillance and better prevention measures. Further studies are also warranted to understand camels correlates of protection for proper vaccine development.

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Section: Plos Onecontrasting

confidence: 60%

Cross-sectional prevalence study of MERS-CoV in local and imported dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia, 2016-2018

et al. 2020

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“…Our search found that dromedary populations in 16 countries have been tested for MERS-CoV RNA, 13 of which report positive results indicating active infection. These include KSA (0.12-56%) (45, 46, 49-51, 70), UAE (0-29% (62–66) or 0-100% if dromedaries epidemiologically linked to human MERS-CoV cases are included(67–69)), Qatar (22-79%) (15, 58, 71, 72), Oman (7%) (55), Iraq (15%) (34), and Jordan (62%) (39), as well as Egypt (4-15%) (27, 29, 30), Ethiopia (10%) (23), Kenya (0.35-0.95%) (43, 44), Nigeria (3-11%) (53, 54), Burkina Faso (5%) (23), Morocco (2%) (23), and Pakistan (3%) (57). See Fig 4 for a map of RNA prevalence, and Table 1).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study in KSA sampled both local and imported dromedaries within live animal markets found that locally-reared animals had significantly higher prevalence of viral shedding (51). Overall, three studies reported abattoirs and one reported wholesale markets to be associated with an increase in measured prevalence of shedding compared to villages, farms and quarantines (23, 46, 51, 64). Much like seroprevalence, RNA positivity was significantly higher in dromedaries bred for meat or milk compared with those used as transport in Burkina Faso, Morocco and Ethiopia, and shedding was higher amongst females, albeit sex and function were highly correlated (23).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) seroprevalence and viral RNA prevalence in dromedary camels: implications for animal vaccination

Dighe

Jombart

Kerkhove

et al. 2019

Preprint

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27Human infection with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is driven by 28 recurring dromedary-to-human spill-over events, leading decision-makers to consider dromedary 29 vaccination. Dromedary vaccine candidates in the development pipeline are showing hopeful results, 30 but gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology of MERS-CoV in dromedaries must be addressed 31 to design and evaluate potential vaccination strategies. We systematically reviewed the published 32 literature reporting seroprevalence and/or prevalence of active MERS-CoV infection in dromedary 33 populations from both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, including 60 studies in our qualitative 34 syntheses. MERS-CoV seroprevalence increased with age up to 80-100% in adult dromedaries 35 supporting geographically wide spread endemicity of MERS-CoV in dromedaries in both the Arabian 36 Peninsula and countries exporting dromedaries from Africa. The high prevalence of active infection 37 measured in juveniles and at sites where dromedary populations mix should guide further 38 investigation -particularly of dromedary movement -and inform vaccination strategy design. 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 . CC-BY 4.0 International license author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the . https://doi.org/10.1101/574103 doi: bioRxiv preprint 65 studies (7). 66 However, vaccine strategy evaluation is currently precluded by gaps in the understanding of the 67 epidemiology of MERS-CoV in dromedaries. The dromedary population is highly heterogeneous and 68 spans a wide geographic area stretching from West Africa through to the Middle East and parts of 69 Asia. Knowing when and where dromedaries would need to be targeted, and the likely impact of 70 vaccination, is necessary before further consideration of dromedary vaccination in the wider 71 socioeconomic and cultural context. 72 Here, we systematically reviewed published studies that measured MERS-CoV antibody 73 seroprevalence in dromedaries and/or prevalence of viral RNA in dromedaries. Assuming assay 74 specificity and long-term presence of antibodies after infection, seroprevalence can be used to 75 estimate what proportion of a dromedary population has ever been infected with MERS-CoV. Broken 76 down by age class, this can tell us when most animals encounter the infection for the first time. 77 Additionally, although whole-virus isolation and culture is necessary to confirm whether the shedding . CC-BY 4.0 International license author/funder. It is made available under a The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not peer-reviewed) is the . https://doi.org/10.1101/574103 doi: bioRxiv preprint 101 When available, we took the results of neutralisation-based testing over methods that determined 102 seropositivity based on antibody screening tests alone. Neutralising antibody tests are more specific 103 and are the WHO (World Health Organisation) recommended method for confirming MERS-CoV 104 seropositi...

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“…Our search found that dromedary populations in 16 countries have been tested for MERS-CoV RNA, 13 of which report positive results indicating active infection. These include KSA (0.12-56%) (Alagaili et al, 2014;Khalafalla et al, 2015;Sabir et al, 2016;Alfuwaires et al, 2017;Kasem et al, 2018a, b), UAE (0-29% (Wernery et al, 2015a, b;Yusof et al, 2015;Li et al, 2017;Yusof et al, 2017) or 0-100% if dromedaries epidemiologically linked to human MERS-CoV cases are included(Al Hammadi et al, 2015;Muhairi et al, 2016;Paden et al, 2018)), Qatar (22-79%) Reusken et al, 2014a;Farag et al, 2015;Mohran et al, 2016), Oman (7%) (Nowotny and Kolodziejek, 2014), Iraq (15%) (Al Salihi and Alrodhan, 2017), and Jordan (62%) (van Doremalen et al, 2017), as well as Egypt (4-15%) , Ali et al, 2017a, Ethiopia (10%) (Miguel et al, 2017), Kenya (0.35-0.95%) (Kiambi et al, 2018;Ommeh et al, 2018), Nigeria (3-11%) So et al, 2018), Burkina Faso (5%) (Miguel et al, 2017), Morocco (2%) (Miguel et al, 2017), and Pakistan (3%) . See Fig.…”

Section: Prevalence Of Active Mers-cov Infection -Cross-sectional Stumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study in KSA sampled both local and imported dromedaries within live animal markets found that locally-reared animals had significantly higher prevalence of viral shedding (Sabir et al, 2016). Overall, three studies reported abattoirs and one reported wholesale markets to be associated with an increase in measured prevalence of shedding compared to villages, farms and quarantines (Yusof et al, 2015;Sabir et al, 2016;Alfuwaires et al, 2017;Miguel et al, 2017). Much like seroprevalence, RNA positivity was significantly higher in dromedaries bred for meat or milk compared with those used as transport in Burkina Faso, Morocco and Ethiopia, and shedding was higher amongst females, albeit sex and function were highly correlated (Miguel et al, 2017).…”

Section: Sample Population Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of MERS-CoV seroprevalence and RNA prevalence in dromedary camels: Implications for animal vaccination

et al. 2019

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Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is driven by recurring dromedary-to-human spill-over events, leading decision-makers to consider dromedary vaccination. Dromedary vaccine candidates in the development pipeline are showing hopeful results, but gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology of MERS-CoV in dromedaries must be addressed to design and evaluate potential vaccination strategies. We aim to bring together existing measures of MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels to assess the distribution of infection, highlighting knowledge gaps and implications for animal vaccination. We systematically reviewed the published literature on MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science that reported seroprevalence and/or prevalence of active MERS-CoV infection in dromedary camels from both cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. 60 studies met our eligibility criteria. Qualitative syntheses determined that MERS-CoV seroprevalence increased with age up to 80-100% in adult dromedaries supporting geographically widespread endemicity of MERS-CoV in dromedaries in both the Arabian Peninsula and countries exporting dromedaries from Africa. The high prevalence of active infection measured in juveniles and at sites where dromedary populations mix should guide further investigation -particularly of dromedary movement -and inform vaccination strategy design and evaluation through mathematical modelling.

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Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus in healthy and diseased dromedaries

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Cross-sectional prevalence study of MERS-CoV in local and imported dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia, 2016-2018

Cross-sectional prevalence study of MERS-CoV in local and imported dromedary camels in Saudi Arabia, 2016-2018

A systematic review of MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus) seroprevalence and viral RNA prevalence in dromedary camels: implications for animal vaccination

A systematic review of MERS-CoV seroprevalence and RNA prevalence in dromedary camels: Implications for animal vaccination

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