Middle Kingdom, Egypt

Grajetzki, Wolfram

doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah15129

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…However, by the end of the Ptolemaic Period, use of these traditional grave goods had largely disappeared. Mummies were frequently decorated with masks, covered by panels of cartonnage or completely enclosed by cartonnage casing, and buried in traditional decorated coffins [ 35 ].…”

Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decorated bodies for eternal life: A multidisciplinary study of late Roman Period stucco-shrouded portrait mummies from Saqqara (Egypt)

et al. 2020

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This study focuses on the multidisciplinary investigation of three stucco-shrouded mummies with mummy portrait from Egypt dating from the late 3 rd to the middle of the 4 th century AD, corresponding to the late Roman Period. These three mummies were excavated in the early 17 th and late 19 th centuries in the Saqqara necropolis near the ancient Egyptian capital of Memphis. Two of them experienced an interesting collection history, when they became part of the collection of the Elector of Saxony and King of Poland August II in Dresden, Germany, in 1728. The investigation includes information about the mummies’ discovery, collection history and shroud decoration obtained through Egyptological expertise. In addition, information on the state of preservation, technique of artificial mummification, age at death, sex, body height and health of the deceased was achieved through computed tomography (CT) analysis. Research yielded an adult male, a middle-aged female and a young female. Due to the rather poorly preserved bodies of the male and middle-aged female, a specific technique of artificial mummification could not be ascertained. Brain and several internal organs of the well-preserved young female were identified. Wooden boards, beads of necklaces, a hairpin, and metal dense items, such as lead seals, nails and two coins or medallions were discovered. Paleopathological findings included carious lesions, Schmorl’s nodes, evidence of arthritis and a vertebral hemangioma. The study revealed insights on the decoration and burial preparation of individuals of upper socioeconomic status living in the late Roman Period, as well as comprehensive bioanthropological information of the deceased.

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Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decorated bodies for eternal life: A multidisciplinary study of late Roman Period stucco-shrouded portrait mummies from Saqqara (Egypt)

et al. 2020

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“…Unfortunately, the question of death, funerary beliefs and burial practices related to the poor are more rarely tackled in these studies. In his book B urial Customs in Ancient Egypt: Life in death for rich and poor , Grajetzki (2003) has tried to present the various funerary practices and beliefs through all of ancient Egyptian history and across all of society. Despite the best efforts of the author, priority is given to the rich and very quickly takes precedence over discussions of the poor in his analysis.…”

Section: Poverty In Archaeologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a Study of the Poor and Poverty in Ancient Egypt: Preliminary Thoughts

Driaux¹

2019

CAJ

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Poverty in ancient Egypt remains a rarely-studied subject. For decades Egyptologists have focused their attention mainly on the so-called ‘elite’, while the poor, their housing, their possessions, their diet, or their cultural values, remain largely in the shadows. Although they are much less visible archaeologically, they were much more numerous than the wealthy. Despite these circumstances, ancient Egypt provides a good starting point for discussing how to approach poverty during antiquity, as there are archaeological and textual records that can shed light on this complex issue. This article aims to stimulate reflection on the issue of poverty in the Nile valley and how it can be explored. It seeks also to add nuance to the idea of a strict dichotomy opposing the poor to the elite. In so doing, this paper will present discussion of the definition of poverty.

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“…In addition, the use of the prenominal attributive adjective ‘multiple’ increases semantic confusion, above all in Egyptological literature, where there are no specific studies on the subject 3 (cf. Grajetzki 2007; Miniaci forthcoming a; Seidlmayer 1990, 398–430). The degree of variation between different types of burials is remarkable, yet the term ‘multiple burial’ is often used unconstrainedly, without further specification other than the mere numerical relationship: number of ‘individual(s) per structure’.…”

Section: Definition Of ‘Multiple’+‘burial’mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Burials in Ancient Societies: Theory and Methods from Egyptian Archaeology

Miniaci¹

2018

CAJ

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The paper aims at providing theoretical models and data interpretation applied to multiple burials. Challenging the current fuzzy definition of multiple burials in ancient societies, the paper proposes a more accurate classification of multiple burials, with particular reference to ancient Egypt funerary culture, based on two main parameters, which may have influenced the association of bodies: p1) architecture; p2) time span, and three flexible sub-parameters that may be used to customize different scenarios, on occasion: sp1) number of deceased; sp2) age of deceased; sp3) nature of death/deposition. The body has been often considered the real ontological centre of the burial itself with all of the other countable objects intended as radiating projections supporting the body-nucleus. The practice of multiple burials disrupts such a perception as it juxtaposes horizontal, multidirectional perspectives: the role of a new body entering among older bodies and objects, and of the multiple bodies and objects themselves. The study of multiple burials, if correctly framed, can lead to insights into different religious, social, and economic reasons behind the mortuary programmes within a society. For instance, sequential multiple burials reinforce the transformation of dead bodies into part of the burial equipment itself, reducing the centrality of the body and disrupting the narrative tied to individual biographies, increasing an ‘artefactual’ perception.

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Middle Kingdom, Egypt

Abstract: The Middle Kingdom was regarded in later periods of Ancient Egypt as the classical age. Its literature and art works served as a model for the New Kingdom and Late Period. Its language was still used for the latest hieroglyphic inscriptions in the Roman Period.

Cited by 6 publications

References 2 publications

Decorated bodies for eternal life: A multidisciplinary study of late Roman Period stucco-shrouded portrait mummies from Saqqara (Egypt)

Decorated bodies for eternal life: A multidisciplinary study of late Roman Period stucco-shrouded portrait mummies from Saqqara (Egypt)

Toward a Study of the Poor and Poverty in Ancient Egypt: Preliminary Thoughts

Multiple Burials in Ancient Societies: Theory and Methods from Egyptian Archaeology

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