Migracje z Ukrainy do Unii Europejskiej z perspektywy ryzyka

Abstract

Ukrainian migration to the European Union from the risk perspective
 The aim of this paper is to analyse, through the prism of risk theories, migration from Ukraine to the European Union in a multidimensional perspective. Risks taken by different actors associated with migration along this route have been considered. At the micro-level these are risks borne by Ukrainian migrants themselves. At the macro-level these are risks borne by both states of destination and origin. The concept of risk is the most suitable theoretical approach to be applied in the case of analyzing Eastern European migration. Migration to the fortress “Europe” creates many risks for the migrants and is treated as a challenge by the state actors. At the same time, it cannot be regard as a as a security threat. It is very modest both in the numbers and possible adverse consequences for all stakeholders involved. The article pays special attention to the issue of possible risks related to the eruption of armed conflict in Eastern Europe. It argues that those risks have grown but not significantly and the most affected actor is the Ukrainian state itself, who in a long-term perspective may experience dramatic demographic challenges. Both migrants as well the EU destination states may be at higher risk only in a case of serious destabilization at the whole Ukrainian territory.

Between communism and capitalism: long-term inequality in Poland, 1892–2015

“…In the last decade, Poland has experienced a massive economic immigration from Ukraine, which intensified after the Ukrainian Revolution of 2014. In 2013, 218 thousand (seasonal and permanent) work permits were issued to Ukrainian citizens; in 2017, the number rose to 1.7 million (Jaroszewicz, 2018 ). Most of the immigrants were employed in low-skilled jobs, possibly contributing to a rise in inequality (Brunarska et al, 2016 ).…”

Integrative attitudes of Ukrainian war refugees in two neighboring European countries (Poland and Hungary) in connection with posttraumatic stress symptoms and social support

“…The contemporary migrations from Ukraine to Poland started in the 1990s. Ukrainians became the largest migrant group in Poland ( 26 ) and Poland was the main European Union country which Ukrainians choose for work ( 27 ). Consequently, war-refugees could find substantial social support in Poland from other individuals from the Ukrainian culture.…”