“…New production technologies, for instance, can encourage reshoring and reduce investments in low income countries that in the past were fueled by low labor costs. This would imply fewer opportunities to move out of subsistence agriculture into higher productivity jobs in manufacture or services (see Christiaensen et al, 2019). New technologies are also likely to continue to expand income gaps between workers with high technical and non-cognitive skills who are able to benefit from new, high-productivity, digital jobs, and unskilled workers who continue to operate in traditional, informal, sectors in small, low-productivity, enterprises (Autor, 2003).…”