Migration of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) and phthalates from twist closures into food and enforcement of the overall migration limit

Pedersen, Gitte Alsing; Jensen, Lisbeth Krüger; Fankhauser, Anja; Biedermann, Sandra; Petersen, Jens Højslev; Fabech, Bente

doi:10.1080/02652030701519088

Cited by 71 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The uptake of DEHP by nine types of greenhouse vegetable varied from 10.14 to 36.16 mg kg À1 (Fu and Du, 2011). The use of large amounts of agricultural plastic film and fertilizers containing PAEs in intensive vegetable cultivation might increase the health risk of PAEs through the food chain Pedersen et al, 2008;Kong et al, 2012). High levels of PAEs in agricultural soils have already been reported in the Pearl River Delta (Cai et al, 2005;Zeng et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2009) and northeast China (Xu et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…As a result of their large-scale production and widespread application, PAEs can enter into the environment during the manufacture, use and disposal of plastics (Kong et al, 2012). Numerous studies have revealed the presence of PAEs in various environmental media such as water (Xie et al, 2007), air , sediments Srivastava et al, 2010) and soils (Ma et al, 2003;Zeng et al, 2008;Kong et al, 2012), and they have also been detected in epoxidized soybean oil, soft spreadable cheese, sauces, and peanut butter (Pedersen et al, 2008) and in many types of vegetable (Fu and Du, 2011). DnBP, DEHP, butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP) and diheptyl phthalate have endocrine disruptive effects in vivo (Hens and Caballos, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film

Wang

Luo

Teng

et al. 2013

Environmental Pollution

313

127

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a b s t r a c tThe concentrations of six priority phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in intensively managed suburban vegetable soils in Nanjing, east China, were analyzed using gas chromatographyemass spectrometry (GCeMS). The total PAE concentrations in the soils ranged widely from 0.15 to 9.68 mg kg À1 with a median value of 1.70 mg kg À1 , and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) were the most abundant phthalate esters. Soil PAE concentrations depended on the mode of use of plastic film in which PAEs were incorporated as plasticizing agents and both the plastic film and poultry manure appeared to be important sources of soil PAEs. Vegetables in rotation with flooded rice led to lower concentrations of PAEs in soil. The results indicate that agricultural plastic film can be an important source of soil PAE contamination and further research is required to fully elucidate the mechanisms of PAE contamination of intensive agricultural soils with different use modes of use of plastic film.Crown

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film

Wang

Luo

Teng

et al. 2013

Environmental Pollution

313

127

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…So, the contact substances can suffer contamination, and in the worst cases, there is a risk of toxicity and there are health risks to the final consumer [9]. PVC traditional plasticizers based in phthalates are traditionally widely used by the plastic industry.…”

Section: -Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So, the contact substances can suffer contamination, and in the worst cases, there is a risk of toxicity and there are health risks to the final consumer [9].…”

Section: -Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has to be considered that PVC is obtained from the addition of plasticizers to the vinyl polymer. Some additives and specially plasticizers normally suffer a migration phenomenon to the substances or elements that are in contact [5][6][7][8].So, the contact substances can suffer contamination, and in the worst cases, there is a risk of toxicity and there are health risks to the final consumer [9]. PVC traditional plasticizers based in phthalates are traditionally widely used by the plastic industry.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride Plasticized with Natural Fatty Acid Esters

Fenollar¹,

Sànchez-Nácher²,

Boronat³

et al. 2013

Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering

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From an industrial point of view, the use of new nontoxic and biodegradable plasticizers coming from natural resources is an interesting alternative to traditional plasticizers based on phthalates. In this study, two types of epoxidized fatty acids esters (EFAE) with different molecular weight have been used in order to produce flexible PVC with low toxicity. Different amounts of EFAE 201 and 401 have been considered in this study. Mechanical and thermal properties have been determined and morphology of fracture surface has been studied by scanning electron microscopy.Keywords: polyvinyl chloride; natural plasticizer; mechanical properties; thermal properties, 3 1.-IntroductionIn recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the environmental policies in the polymeric materials sector. This awareness has been presented by consumers, manufacturers and even legislators [1]. This has motivated important lines of work in the development and applications of polymeric materials which are environmentally friendly, low toxicity and easily recyclable [2]. Within this research field, a marked interest has been showed in the improving of the formulations of one of the most widely consumed thermoplastics worldwide as the polyvinyl chloride (PVC), more specifically, the flexible polyvinyl chloride [3,4]. The use of this thermoplastic is especially sensitive to environmental impact and toxicity problems, since it is widely used in sectors such as plastic toys, childcare, food, packaging, medicalpharmacological... It has to be considered that PVC is obtained from the addition of plasticizers to the vinyl polymer. Some additives and specially plasticizers normally suffer a migration phenomenon to the substances or elements that are in contact [5][6][7][8].So, the contact substances can suffer contamination, and in the worst cases, there is a risk of toxicity and there are health risks to the final consumer [9]. PVC traditional plasticizers based in phthalates are traditionally widely used by the plastic industry. Currently its use is being challenged due to the migration phenomenon, which results in toxicity problems [10,11]. In order to improve the consumer's health protection and safety, the relevant authorities have developed specific regulations regarding the use of phthalates as PVC plasticizers [12,13] Alternative plasticizers have been developed in order make more flexible the polyvinyl chloride. These plasticizers are characterized by low environmental impact, low migration and low toxicity in applications sensitive to this phenomenon, such as use in childcare items [16,17]. Plasticizers from natural products are a very interesting alternative as a replacement of phthalates traditionally used in the plastics industry.Interesting research works have been developed successfully for the applicability in the industry of plastic processing [18,19]. These investigations use citrates, benzoates and carboxylates as alternative plasticizers since they have very similar behavior to PVC flexible with phthalates [2...

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Characterization of the curing process of vinyl plastisols with epoxidized linseed oil as a natural‐based plasticizer

Fenollar

Sànchez-Nácher

López

et al. 2011

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In this work, we have evaluated the curing process of a natural-based plasticizer, epoxidized linseed oil, as a possible alternative to phthalate substitution for polyvinyl chloride. Several curing times ranging from 6 to 14 min at different isothermal curing temperatures in the 140-220 C range have been selected. The effects of the curing process (in terms of time and temperature) have been determined by mechanical tests, color measurements, and microstructure characterization. The obtained results show that optimum overall properties are obtained for curing times of 10-12 min at 200 C or 8 min at 220 C, which are typical values of industrial processing of vinyl plastisols.

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Migration of epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) and phthalates from twist closures into food and enforcement of the overall migration limit

Cited by 71 publications

References 14 publications

Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film

Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride Plasticized with Natural Fatty Acid Esters

Characterization of the curing process of vinyl plastisols with epoxidized linseed oil as a natural‐based plasticizer

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