Mikania micrantha Extract Inhibits HMG-CoA Reductase and ACAT2 and Ameliorates Hypercholesterolemia and Lipid Peroxidation in High Cholesterol-Fed Rats

Abstract

The present study aimed to determine the effect of an ethyl acetate extract of Mikania micrantha stems (EAMMS) in hypercholesterolemia-induced rats. Rats were divided into a normal group (NC) and hypercholesterolemia induced groups: hypercholesterolemia control group (PC), simvastatin group (SV) (10 mg/kg) and EAMMS extract groups at different dosages of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Blood serum and tissues were collected for haematological, biochemical, histopathological, and enzyme analysis. Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, as well as enzymes of HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase 2 (ACAT2), were measured. Feeding rats with high cholesterol diet for eight weeks resulted in a significantly (p < 0.05) increased of TC, TG, LDL-C, AST, ALT and MDA levels. Meanwhile, the administration of EAMMS extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and simvastatin (10 mg/kg) significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C and MDA compared to rats in the PC group. Furthermore, all EAMMS and SV-treated groups showed a higher HDL-C level compared to both NC and PC groups. No significant difference was found in the level of ALT, AST, urea and creatinine between the different dosages in EAMMS extracts. Treatment with EAMMS also exhibited the highest inhibition activity of enzyme HMGCR and ACAT2 as compared to the control group. From the histopathological examination, liver tissues in the PC group showed severe steatosis than those fed with EAMMS and normal diet. Treatment with EAMMS extract ameliorated and reduced the pathological changes in the liver. No morphological changes showed in the kidney structure of both control and treated groups. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that EAMMS extract has anti-hypercholesterolemia properties and could be used as an alternative treatment for this disorder.

Aster glehni F. Schmidt Extract Modulates the Activities of HMG-CoA Reductase and Fatty Acid Synthase

“…As shown in Figure 6, DCQA series and multiple polyphenolic contents, such as kaempferol, rhamnetin, isorhamnetin, and quercetin, were identified in the AGEM70M fraction. In multiple studies, plant polyphenols were shown to be effective in lowering cholesterol and lipid levels by modulating HMGR and FAS activities [30][31][32][33]. Thus, not only the active DCQA contents in AGEM70 but also the polyphenols may have been responsible for the dual-modal activity.…”

Effect of Lissachatina fulica chitosan on the antioxidant and lipid profile of hypercholesterolemic male Wistar rats

“…Hypercholesterolemia refers to a condition of an increase in total cholesterol level, LDL, or triglyceride, and a decrease in HDL level, which is defined as a lipid metabolism disorder (Ibrahim et al, 2020;Wells et al, 2015). Hypercholesterolemia is indicated by an increase in cholesterol level ≥240 mg/dL (Bunton et al, 2011;He et al, 2004;Koo et al, 2021;Yang et al, 2020).…”

Antihypercholesterolemic Power of Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peel Extract

“…This will lead to hypercholesterolemia or increased blood. [2][3][4] Hypercholesterolemia is suspected to be a factor in the development of coronary heart disease. 1,3,5 Furthermore, high LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels in patients can accelerate the occurrence of plaque which causes narrowing and hardening of the arteries.…”

“…1,3,5 Furthermore, high LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol levels in patients can accelerate the occurrence of plaque which causes narrowing and hardening of the arteries. 3,4,[6][7][8] Atherosclerosis is a chronic condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries, which causes narrowing, hardness, and even total blockage. 6,8,9 Furthermore, it causes blood circulation to become not smooth.…”

“…In addition, modification of oxidized LDL increases the speed of metabolism, and the fiber content inhibits cholesterol absorption, hence, it can reduce cholesterol levels. Several other plant parts that can also lower blood cholesterol levels are Anredera cordifolia leaves, 2 Peperomia pellucida plant, 1 Musa paradisiaca fruit, 3 Mikania micrantha stem 4 and dragon fruit peel. 16 Dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is widely cultivated and sold in West Kalimantan, Indonesia.…”