Military Modernization in Chinese Technical Progress and Industrial Innovation

Productive complex of defense and security in Brazil: dimensional, sectoral and technological impacts

“…In summary, we observe that investment projects of the Armed Forces have superior impacts on technological terms and job quality compared to the current Brazilian productive structure or final demand composition, for they directly demand that the productive sectors in the technological forefront related to industries and services supply heavy belic equipment, transport equipment, computer and electronic computers, telecommunications, and software and system development. Besides, we highlight the direct impacts of the engineering and R&D services, which show innovative spillovers to the Brazilian economy in both the military and civil sectors in several studies (Mowery & Rosenberg (1999); Mowery (2012); Guillou et al (2009); Trebat & Medeiros (2014)). projects have a significant impact on the Brazilian economy because on average, every US$ 1.00 invested generates an additional output of US$ 3.27 and a tax collection of US$ 0.53 in the Brazilian economy considering the direct, indirect, and induced impacts of these investments.…”

“…Thus, the action of the public sector in strategic areas such as technological autonomy and national sovereignty have the potential to enhance innovation, which is the main source of structural changes (Reati (2014)). Note that the investment projects of the Brazilian Armed Forces replicate, for example, the development strategy adopted in the Chinese economy in recent years (Trebat & Medeiros (2014)), which is evaluated as successful, and this is additional reason to reinforce this type of investment in the captive and perennial space of the Brazilian industrial development agenda.…”

“…Investments of the Armed Forces in technology and knowledge-intensive sectors are welcome once the current Brazilian output structure focuses on low-intensive knowledge services sectors and commodities. The demand of the Armed Forces with regard to PADE contributes to modernize the productive structure through critical technologies, with high potential to generate spillover to the civil sectors, as in the 20th century United States (Mowery (2012)) and China over the last decades (Trebat & Medeiros (2014)). Thus, the action of the public sector in strategic areas such as technological autonomy and national sovereignty have the potential to enhance innovation, which is the main source of structural changes (Reati (2014)).…”

“…Thus, several significant technologies developed for the defense sector ended up spilling over to the civil sector, thus benefitting all people (Mowery & Rosenberg (1999); Kulve & Smith (2003); Molas-Gallart (1997); Mowery (2012)). Recently, China's civil sector has been showing substantial technological progress in dual-use technologies with decisive support from the government and military budget in the following fields: electronics, computing and information and communications technology (ICT), computer-aided manufacturing (3D printing), space technology and satellites, aeronautics, and shipbuilding (Trebat & Medeiros (2014)).…”

Desenvolvimento orientado à inovação: a estratégia da China para evitar a armadilha da renda média

“…Essa combinação garante às empresas chinesas e/ou às empresas estrangeiras que estão em operação no país importantes nichos no mercado global. Mas ainda há um longo caminho para que o país atinja os objetivos estratégicos desejados em relação ao desenvolvimento tecnológico, definidos pelos Planos Quinquenais e pelos programas de ciência e tecnologia (IEDI, 2011;SOMEREN;SOMEREN-WANG, 2013;WANG, 2013;TREBAT;MEDEIROS, 2014;CHEUNG, 2014;HIGGINS, 2015;FU, 2015;DING;LI, 2015;WIPO, 2016).…”