Military overloaded gait: Effect on biomechanical variables

Environmental conditions steer phenotypic switching in acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease‐causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus, affecting PirAVP/PirBVP toxins production

“…Levan, a major fructose polymer produced by Gram‐negative bacteria, plays a crucial role in the formation of EPS matrix and biofilm (Franken et al ., ), and the observed enhanced production of levan by V. parahaemolyticus could be an efficient adaptive strategy to promote EPS formation and biofilm production during low fluid shear growth conditions (M0904/110). These observations therefore strongly suggests that V. parahaemolyticus during low fluid shear growth condition (M0904/110) might not live as dispersed cells but instead accumulate at interfaces to form clusters or aggregates and switch to biofilm mode of life (Freeman et al ., ; Phuoc et al ., ; Jayaraman, ; Sousa et al ., ).…”

“…Flocculating cells no longer produce PirA VP and PirB VP toxins, but rather produce and secrete an ALP PhoX As M0904/110 and M0904/120 cells display distinct phenotypic features at the level of EPS production, it was verified if secretion of proteins would be affected as well (Jayaraman, 2011;Sousa et al, 2011;Thomen et al, 2017). To investigate potential changes in the secretome, the proteins present in the ultrafiltrated culture supernatant from M0904/110 and M0904/120 cells [VP AHPND extracellular protein (ECP)] were separated by SDS-PAGE and stained by Coomassie.…”

“…Aquatic bacteria are often subjected to fluid shear and hydrodynamic forces, created by either natural factors or anthropogenic activities like use of aerators or blowers to enhance shrimp productivity (Sultana et al, 2017;Welker et al, 2019). Yet any change in fluid shear or shaking growth condition might trigger phenotype switching and induce remodelling of transcription and translational networks which can determine virulence, antimicrobial resistance and persistence of a bacteria in hostile environment based on the creation of several variants equipped to adapt and maintain cellular status (Scott et al, 2010;Park et al, 2011;Sousa et al, 2011;Thomen et al, 2017).…”

Controlling the Mean Time to Extinction in Populations of Bacteria

“…To cope with environmental stress, bacteria have developed some evolutionary strategies to survive and thrive. One such strategy is switching between their different phenotypes [10,11]. For example, it has been found that a subpopulation of persisters can survive high antibiotic concentrations [10], and the persister state is fully reversible under growth-stimulating conditions [11].…”

“…One such strategy is switching between their different phenotypes [10,11]. For example, it has been found that a subpopulation of persisters can survive high antibiotic concentrations [10], and the persister state is fully reversible under growth-stimulating conditions [11]. The presence of persisters considerably reduces the risk of extinction as compared to their absence.…”