Milk and Montasio‐type cheese fatty acid composition from cows grazing on timothy and reed canarygrass pasture or fed indoor

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare the fatty acid (FA) profile of cheese and milk produced from cows grazing on timothy and reed canarygrass pasture or fed indoor. Twenty multiparous dairy cows were selected from a single farm in Pyeongchang (South Korea) and assigned to two experimental groups (TMR and PAST). TMR was kept indoor and fed with a total mixed ration, while PAST was maintained on timothy and reed canarygrass (70%–30%) pasture for 5 months (beginning of June–end of October). At approximately 6‐day interval during this period, Montasio‐type cheeses were produced for each experimental group, and at the same day, bulk milk for each group was collected. Chemical composition and FA profile of cheeses and milk and the texture of cheeses were carried out. The diet affected milk fat content, which was higher in PAST than in TMR (p < 0.05). The pasture feeding increased C18:0 (p < 0.01), C18:1n‐9cis (p < 0.01), C18:3n‐3 (p < 0.05), monounsaturated FA (p < 0.05) and n‐3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA, p < 0.05), and reduced C12:0 (p < 0.01), C16:0 (p < 0.01), C18:2n‐6cis (p < 0.05), C20:3n‐6 (p < 0.05), saturated FA (p < 0.05) and n‐6:n‐3 PUFA ratio (p < 0.01) of both milk and cheese compared with those of TMR. From FA composition point of view, pasture‐based feeding system increased the healthiness of dairy products.

Invited review: A 2020 perspective on pasture-based dairy systems and products

“…In particular, higher levels of ALA in milk from pasture compared with non-pasture-fed cows have been attributed to high content and rumen escape of ALA from forages. A decrease in SFA and in the ratio of n -6: n -3 was observed in grass-based milk by numerous researchers, compared (Kelly et al, 1998;Couvreur et al, 2006;O'Callaghan et al, 2016b;Veiga et al, 2018;Lee et al, 2019) n -6: n -3 ratio Decrease (Kelly et al, 1998;Couvreur et al, 2006;O'Callaghan et al, 2016b;Veiga et al, 2018;Lee et al, 2019) C18: 2n -6 trans Increase (O'Callaghan et al, 2016b) C18: 3n -3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA) Increase (Stanton et al, 1997;Kelly et al, 1998;Dhiman et al, 1999;White et al, 2001;Couvreur et al, 2006;Slots et al, 2009 CLA Increase (Stanton et al, 1997;Kelly et al, 1998;Dhiman et al, 1999;White et al, 2001;Couvreur et al, 2006;…”

“…No significant effect (Gulati et al, 2019) with TMR (Kelly et al, 1998;Couvreur et al, 2006;O'Callaghan et al, 2016b;Veiga et al, 2018;Lee et al, 2019). O'Callaghan et al (2016b) reported significantly higher concentrations of C18: 2n -6 trans, C18: 3n -3 (ALA), C20:1, and C20: 4n -6 (arachidonic acid) with a greater than 2-fold increase in the biologically active isomer of CLA, C18:2 cis-9,trans-11, in pasture feeding systems compared with TMR.…”

“…Eicosanoids derived from n-6 and n-3 are known to participate in the regulation of inflammation; therefore, their dietary ratio has gained much interest as a nutritional biomarker (Patterson et al, 2012;Benbrook et al, 2013). Although the optimal ratio of n -6: n -3 was defined as lower than 4:1, the increased intake of n-6 in the Western diet results in an estimated ratio of 15:1 to 16.7:1 (Lee et al, 2019). A specific fatty acid that has gained considerable interest in recent years is CLA, which possesses various potent bioactivities such as antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antiobesity, and anticarcinogenic functions (Koba and Yanagita, 2014).…”

“…O'Callaghan et al (2016b) reported significantly higher concentrations of C18: 2n -6 trans, C18: 3n -3 (ALA), C20:1, and C20: 4n -6 (arachidonic acid) with a greater than 2-fold increase in the biologically active isomer of CLA, C18:2 cis-9,trans-11, in pasture feeding systems compared with TMR. Others have also demonstrated pasture intake resulted in milk richer in ALA and CLA (Stanton et al, 1997;Kelly et al, 1998;Dhiman et al, 1999;White et al, 2001;Couvreur et al, 2006;Slots et al, 2009;Veiga et al, 2018;Lee et al, 2019). Furthermore, O'Callaghan et al (2016b) demonstrated that the fatty acid profile of milks from pasturebased and TMR feeding systems are distinctly different and that fatty acid profiling coupled with multivariate analysis could be harnessed for the verification of dairy products from pasture-based feeding systems.…”

Effects of Avocado Yoghurt, Three Beans Cookie, and Tiger Nut Galsu Drink on Fibroblasts (Hs68) and Keratinocytes (HaCaT)

“…The content of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA), the ratio of ω-6/ω-3, atherogenicity index (AI), and the ratio of linoleic acid toward α-linoleic acid (LA/ALA) were important as indicator for human disease. Avocado yoghurt can supplement the high ω-6 UFA content of avocado fruit or jams and ω-3 rich farm butter (Park et al, 2018;Lee et al, 2019).…”