Milk Composition and Daily Yield of Different Milk Components as Affected by Sow Condition and Lactation/Feeding Regimen

Klaver, J.; Kempen, G.J.M. van; Lange, P.; Verstegen, M.W.A.; Bôer, H.

doi:10.2527/jas1981.5251091x

Cited by 97 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Nevertheless, we did not observe any differences in MY between trials, and therefore we averaged out the data. A number of factors have been reported to affect milk production and composition (Darragh and Moughan, 1998), but there are data to support the idea that the provision of milk nutrients to the piglet does not depend strictly upon the supply of dietary nutrients to the dam due to the mobilization of sow reserves (Klaver et al, 1981;Clowes et al, 1998;, a factor that declines as fat reserves are depleted (Noblet and Etienne, 1986). The feeding regime throughout nursing in our study resulted in average daily weight losses in the range of 400 to 550 g/day and did not affect MY.…”

Section: My and Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This correction was made to avoid any underestimation of the milk consumed by the piglets, as it takes into account weight losses due to physical activity and evaporation during suckling. To estimate this correction term, complementary observations in piglets from the four nursing sows were made between days 1 and 34 as described by Klaver et al (1981). As piglets are generally quite restless during suckling, only weight losses corresponding to high and medium activities were used to calculate the correction factor.…”

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Production and composition of Iberian sow's milk and use of milk nutrients by the suckling Iberian piglet

Aguinaga

Gómez-Carballar²,

Nieto

et al. 2011

Animal

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Sixteen purebred Iberian (IB) sows were used in two consecutive trials to determine the efficiency of conversion of sow's milk into piglet body weight (BW) gain and the relationship between milk protein and body protein retention and between milk energy yield and body energy retention in the nursing IB piglet. In each trial, four sows were selected in order to evaluate their milk production, litter growth and nutrient balance measurements, together with four additional sows for milk sampling. Litter size was equalized to six piglets. Daily milk yield (MY) was determined weekly by the weigh-suckle-weigh technique over a 34-day lactation period. Piglets were weighed individually at birth and then weekly from day 5 of lactation. Milk samples were collected on days 5, 12, 19, 26 and 34 post partum. The comparative slaughter procedure was used to determine piglet nutrient and energy retention. One piglet from each litter was slaughtered at birth and four on the morning of day 35. Total MY was on average 5.175 6 0.157 kg/day. The average chemical composition (g/kg) of the milk was 179 6 4 dry matter, 53.4 6 1.0 CP, 58.5 6 3.8 fat, 10.4 6 0.3 ash and 56.9 6 2.3 lactose. Milk gross energy (GE) was 4.626 6 0.145 MJ/kg. Milk intake per piglet tended to increase in trial 2 (832 v. 893 g/day; P 5 0.066). Piglet BW gain contained (g/kg) 172.1 6 1.3 protein, 151.5 6 3.5 fat, 41.4 6 0.6 ash and 635 6 3 water and 10.127 6 0.126 MJ GE/kg. Throughout the 34-day nursing period, the piglets grew at an average rate of 168 6 3 g/day. The ratio of daily piglet BW gain to daily MY was 0.195 6 0.002 g/g and the gain per MJ milk GE intake was 41.9 6 0.5 g/MJ. The overall efficiency of protein accretion (g CP gain/g CP milk intake) was low and declined in trial 2 (0.619 v. 0.571; P 5 0.016). Nutrient and energy deposition between birth and weaning were 27.4 6 0.5 g/day protein, 24.2 6 0.8 g/day fat and 1615 6 40 kJ/day energy. Piglet energy requirements for maintenance were 404 kJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg BW 0.75 . ME was used for growth with a net efficiency of 0.584. These results suggest that poor efficiency in the use of sow's milk nutrients rather than a shortage in milk nutrient supply might explain the low growth rate of the suckling IB piglet.Keywords: milk production, milk composition, Iberian piglets, protein and energy deposition, nutrient balance ImplicationsThis study suggests that growth rate in the suckling Iberian (IB) piglet is not limited by a shortage in milk nutrient supply but might rather be related to a very low efficiency in the use of milk protein and energy. In the young IB piglet, protein deposition is a costly process, presumably because of a high protein turnover rate, as found in later growth stages. The sharp decrease in milk conversion ratios detected during the last week of the study implies that a lactation period of more than 4 weeks is not to be recommended.

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Section: My and Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production and composition of Iberian sow's milk and use of milk nutrients by the suckling Iberian piglet

Aguinaga

Gómez-Carballar²,

Nieto

et al. 2011

Animal

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“…Limited mobilization of body tissue can probably be attributed to the high levels of feeding (ad libitum) [10]. In the group of multiparous sows rather important individual variations in milk yield and in milk production per weaned piglet were observed [16].…”

Section: Factors Affecting Milk Yieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then, the measured milk intake of these piglets was replaced by the average milk intake over the other measurements of the day. During the sucklings, the litter weight gain was also corrected by weight losses due to water evaporation and metabolism between weighings according to Klaver et al [ 10]. The sows were weighed next day after farrowing and immediately after weaning.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Milk production in crossbred sows (Large White x Landrace). Evolution and analysis of variation factors

Daza¹,

Evangelista²,

Gutierrez-Barquin³

1999

Ann. Zootech.

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-Fifty-six lactations, 23 from primiparous Large White x Landrace sows and 33 from I I multiparous sows were controlled. Milk yield was estimated by weighing the piglets before and after sucklings throughout a 12-h period on days 7,14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 of lactation. Total milk yield and milk production per weaned piglet during a 6-week lactation period were 170.0 ± 48.8 kg and 29.4 ± 7.3 kg respectively for primiparous sows and 210.9 ± 33.6 kg and 26.9 ± 5.1 kg respectively for multiparous sows. In both groups, the peak of lactation was reached in the 3rd week and the lowest amount of milk was yielded during the 6th week (33.5 ± 14.3 kg and 23.3 ± 9.9 kg in primiparous sows and 43.3 ± 11.1 kg and 28.0 9.8 kg in multiparous sows). Milk production curve was fitted to a gamma function (R'-= 0.86 in primiparous and R 2 = 0.91 in multiparous sows). The season of farrowing had no significant influence (P > 0.05) on total milk yield and milk production per weaned piglet in primiparous sows. However, total milk yield was increased (P < 0.001) as a result of increased litter size. For each additional weaned piglet, total milk production increased 25 kg, whereas milk production per weaned piglet non-signiticantly decreased by 1.O1 kg (P < 0.2). For multiparous sows, total milk yield and milk production per weaned piglet were significantly affected (P < 0.05) by sow and by parity. In the lactation 4 the milk output was higher than in the lactation 2 and 3. Litter size at weaning did not affect the total milk yield; it affected the milk production per weaned piglet (P <

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“…Composition quality of colostrum depends on many different factors relating to the dam, including nutrition (Noblet and Etienne, 1986;Gö ransson, 1990;Migdal, 1991), genetics (Fahmy, 1972;Zou et al, 1992), body condition at parturition (Klaver et al, 1981), health status (Gooneratne et al, 1982) and age. The composition of colostrum has been studied (Darragh and Moughan, 1998) and is known to vary considerably between animals for the reasons stated above.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of gut active carbohydrates on plasma IgG concentrations in piglets and calves

Lazarević

Spring

Shabanovic

et al. 2010

Animal

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Improving immune status in neonates is crucial to health and production. Gut active carbohydrates (GAC) have been associated with increasing immunoglobin levels and immonucompetence development in mammals. The objective of the following studies was to evaluate whether GAC (mannan-oligosaccharides) applied orally to progeny immediately following parturition, improved blood plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) type G concentrations in piglets and calves. Three trials were conducted comparing control groups with those receiving GAC orally. The first two trials used piglets that were monitored for blood IgG at 2 days of age and for changes in body weight (BW), and the third trial monitored calf IgG from birth to 21 days of age. Piglets in the experimental group received 0.75 g GAC in 10 ml saline at birth and 24 h of age. The calf trial compared the control group against calves that received 22.5 g GAC mixed into 4.5 l of colostrum (to give 5 g/l) in the first 24 h after parturition. Blood serum samples were taken at 2 days post partum in piglets, and at several time points from 6 h to 21 days of age in calves, and were analysed for IgG levels by radial immunodiffusion. In the first piglet trial, significantly higher levels (32%) of IgG were observed for piglets fed GAC ( P , 0.001), and in the second, IgG concentration was elevated by 23% ( P , 0.01) and BW increased by 9% ( P 5 0.023) with GAC supplementation. Significant improvements for calves were recorded at all time points in those fed GAC ( P , 0.05), with an increase in serum IgG observed after the first day, which was maintained throughout the sampling period, resulting in a difference of 39% at the end of the trial (21 d). These findings form a basis for further studies, which are required to investigate possible modes of action involved in enhancing blood immunoglobulin concentrations in young animals, and the longer-term effects this may have on the development of the immune response.

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Milk Composition and Daily Yield of Different Milk Components as Affected by Sow Condition and Lactation/Feeding Regimen

Cited by 97 publications

References 7 publications

Production and composition of Iberian sow's milk and use of milk nutrients by the suckling Iberian piglet

Production and composition of Iberian sow's milk and use of milk nutrients by the suckling Iberian piglet

Milk production in crossbred sows (Large White x Landrace). Evolution and analysis of variation factors

Effect of gut active carbohydrates on plasma IgG concentrations in piglets and calves

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