Milk pasteurisation and safety: a brief history and update

Holsinger, V.H.; Rajkowski, Kathleen T.; Stabel, Judith R.

doi:10.20506/rst.16.2.1037

Cited by 97 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The remaining thirteen (48.1 %) samples were either positive or suspected to be positive for E. coli. The high prevalence of E. coli in Milk-shops 1 and 4 is possible since the milk from these 2 milk-shops was not pasteurised correctly 21,32 . Milk-shop 2 sold 1 sample that was positive for E. coli (Table 1), possibly indicating human contamination after pasteurisation by handlers who practice poor personal hygiene or by contact with water containing sewage.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of selected public health criteria in milk from milk-shops and from a national distributor

O'Ferrall-Berndt¹

2003

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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Selected public health criteria of pasteurised milk available to the consumer from milk-shops in a pre-defined area of Pretoria compared with a national distributor's milk was evaluated. Of the 135 milk samples purchased from milk-shops, 87 % were not fit for human consumption on the basis of the minimum standards prescribed in the Foodstuffs, Cosmetics and Disinfectants Act, 1972 (Act 54 of1972). The national distributor's milk (n = 79) did not contain any pathogens, toxins nor inhibitory substances and passed all the criteria laid down in the Act. Even though milk-shop milk was sold as having been pasteurised, 38.5 % of samples were alkaline phosphatase positive, indicating probable inadequate pasteurisation. Milk-shop milk quality varied between milk-shops and between sampling days and differed significantly (P < 0.05) from the national distributor's milk. Total aerobic plate and coliform counts were generally high for all milk-shop milk samples. Somatic cell counts of milk-shop milk differed significantly (P < 0.05) from the national distributor's milk. Escherichia coli was detected in 1 m of 17 % of milk-shop milk, 95 % of which originated from milk which was alkaline phosphatase positive. Salmonella spp. could not be detected in 1 m in any of the E. coli-positive milk tested. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 40 % of milk-shop milk samples, and S. aureus enterotoxins from 7.8 % of 51 cultures. Inhibitory substances were detected in 54.1 % of milk-shop milk. The presence of inhibitory substances and the isolation of E. coli and S. aureus (some of which were able to produce enterotoxins) indicated potentially unsafe milk and poses a serious public health risk to consumers.Key words: milk hygiene, milk-shops, national distributor, pathogens, Pretoria, toxins, veterinary public health.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of selected public health criteria in milk from milk-shops and from a national distributor

O'Ferrall-Berndt¹

2003

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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“…9 Of course, contaminated milk also poses a potential zoonotic threat to humans, which is why pasteurization of commercial milk has been widely accepted and utilized in the United States since 1924. 3 All calves selected for autopsy were between 6 and 9 months of age, based on these calves exhibiting the largest reaction (up to several centimeters) to the caudal fold test. Therefore, the calves had less time to develop widespread disseminated lesions than did their adult cohorts on this farm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Herd outbreak of bovine tuberculosis illustrates that route of infection correlates with anatomic distribution of lesions in cattle and cats

et al. 2016

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Abstract. An outbreak of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in a Michigan dairy herd resulted in quarantine, depopulation, pathology, and epidemiologic investigations. This herd, compared to other TB-infected herds in Michigan, was unusual in the long-term feeding of waste milk to its replacement calves. The herd had 80 cattle with positive results on caudal fold test or gamma interferon testing, which were reclassified as suspects because the herd had never been known to be tuberculous previously. Autopsy revealed striking variation in the anatomic distribution of gross anatomic lesions, microscopic lesions, and culturepositive lymph nodes between the adult cattle, the calves, and the domestic cats present on the farm. Adult cattle had lesions and culture-positive lymph nodes predominantly within the thoracic lymph nodes, whereas cats had 50% of their lesions and culture-positive lymph nodes in their abdomens, and 50% of positive calves had culture-positive lymph nodes in their abdomens. This difference in anatomic distribution correlated with the likely routes of infection, which are believed to be by direct airborne transmission in adult cattle and indirect ingestion of contaminated milk in both calves and cats. Although TB literature over the past 100-plus years states that the route of infection may manifest itself in differences in lesion anatomic distribution, our team has been working with TB for over 20 years, and we have never encountered such striking variation between different groups of animals on the same farm.

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“…Although the "holder method" has previously been the most widely used, this technique has now in large part been superseded by high-temperature short-time (HSTS) pasteurization methods. The standard of 71.1°C for 15 s was agreed upon after the evaluation of HSTS treatment on the creaming ability of milk, practical experience and numerous other considerations (Holsinger et al, 1997).…”

Section: Pasteurized Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection methods for Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in milk and milk products: a review

Slaná¹,

Paolicchi²,

Janštová³

et al. 2008

Vet. Med. - Czech

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis, a disease with considerable economic impact, principally on dairy cattle herds. Animals with paratuberculosis shed viable MAP especially in their milk, faeces and semen. MAP may have a role in the development of Crohn's disease in humans via the consumption of contaminated milk and milk products. The current methods of milk pasteurization are not sufficient to kill all MAP cells present in milk and MAP has been cultured from raw or pasteurized milk and isolated from cheese. The purpose of the present study was to review the different methods used for detection of MAP in milk and milk products. We analyze the current methods for direct or non direct identification of MAP and culture and molecular biology methods that can be applied to milk and milk products.

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Milk pasteurisation and safety: a brief history and update

Cited by 97 publications

References 46 publications

A comparison of selected public health criteria in milk from milk-shops and from a national distributor

A comparison of selected public health criteria in milk from milk-shops and from a national distributor

Herd outbreak of bovine tuberculosis illustrates that route of infection correlates with anatomic distribution of lesions in cattle and cats

Detection methods for Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in milk and milk products: a review

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