Millimetre wave frequency band as a candidate spectrum for 5G network architecture: A survey

Abstract

In order to meet the huge growth in global mobile data traffic in 2020 and beyond, the development of the 5 th Generation (5G) system is required as the current 4G system is expected to fall short of the provision needed for such growth. 5G is anticipated to use a higher carrier frequency in the millimetre wave (mm-wave) band, within the 20 to 90 GHz, due to the availability of a vast amount of unexploited bandwidth. It is a revolutionary step to use these bands because of their different propagation characteristics, severe atmospheric attenuation, and hardware constraints. In this paper, we carry out a survey of 5G research contributions and proposed design architectures based on mm-wave communications. We present and discuss the use of mm-wave as indoor and outdoor mobile access, as a wireless backhaul solution, and as a key enabler for higher order sectorisation. Wireless standards such as IEE802.11ad, which are operating in mm-wave band have been presented. These standards have been designed for short range, ultra high data throughput systemS in the 60GHz band. Furthermore, this survey provides new insights regarding relevant and open issues in adopting mm-wave for 5G networks. This includes increased handoff rate and interference in Ultra-Dense Network (UDN), waveform consideration with higher spectral efficiency, and supporting spatial multiplexing in mm-wave line of site. This survey also introduces a distributed base station architecture in mm-wave as an approach to address increased handoff rate in UDN, and to provide an alternative way for network densification in a time and cost effective manner.

Issues, Challenges, and Research Trends in Spectrum Management: A Comprehensive Overview and New Vision for Designing 6G Networks

“…One of the few potential solutions to address the envisaged issue of a capacity explosion in the next-generation radio network is by utilizing the massively untapped frequency resources. It can be divided into three different frequency ranges, i.e., (1) below 6 GHz (sub-6 GHz), (2) NR mmWave (24-100 GHz), and (3) above 100 GHz (100-300 GHz) (as shown in Figure 5) [154,155].…”

Channel Estimation Techniques for Millimeter-Wave Communication Systems: Achievements and Challenges

“…After antenna selection, the matrices of the UL and DL channel impulse responses, as defined in (2) and (14) respectively, are reduced to the corresponding submatrices associated with the selected antennas. The following phase is to estimate the dimension-reduced matrices which exhibit a highly sparse structure.…”

Komunikasi Device-to-Device pada Jaringan Seluler 5G menggunakan mmWave

“…Penggunaan mmWave bukanlah tanpa tantangan, dengan menggunakan mmWave pengaruh penghalang atau obstacle akan semakin besar dan cakupan sel yang dihasilkan akan jauh lebih kecil dibandingkan pada frekuensi yang lebih kecil. Hal ini diakibatkan karena nilai penetration loss akan semakin besar, seiring dengan besarnya nilai frekuensi carrier yang digunakan [3], [4]. Penelitian lain juga telah dilakukan dalam bagaimana mmWave sangat terpengaruh oleh bahan medium dari obstacle, analisis dilakukan untuk femtocell pada skenario outdoor maupun indoor [5].…”