Milling and bread baking techniques significantly affect the mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol and nivalenol) level in bread

Cencič, Avrelija; Vajs, S.; Simončič, A.

doi:10.1556/aalim.2008.0015

Cited by 16 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Wet milling resulted in dissolving and redistribution of nivalenol in by-products and steep water (Ryu et al, 2008). During milling, nivalenol is expected to concentrate in the fractions containing the outer parts of the grain rather than in those fractions containing the inner parts of the grain (Lešnik et al, 2008). During milling, nivalenol is expected to concentrate in the fractions containing the outer parts of the grain rather than in those fractions containing the inner parts of the grain (Lešnik et al, 2008).…”

Section: Rolling and Millingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, baking temperatures employed ranged between 190 °C and 240 °C with times ranging between 30 and 50 minutes, and an average reduction in nivalenol of 76.9 % was observed. In another study, the effect of baking wheat flour from naturally contaminated sources (nivalenol concentrations ranging from 130 to 200 µg/kg) in an industrial oven was investigated at temperatures between 185 °C and 205 °C and a reduction in initial levels of nivalenol ranging from 27.1 % to 29.8 % was observed (Lešnik et al, 2008). Of the initial concentrations (25 µg/250 µg model substance), 40-70 % of nivalenol remained in the various models after 10 minutes at 175 °C.…”

Section: Cookingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reduction of nivalenol levels by cleaning is significant in those grains that are heavily contaminated initially (Hazel and Patel, 2004). In a Slovenian study on the effects of milling on nivalenol concentrations in bread, a 34.8 % and 15.5 % reduction in concentrations of nivalenol was observed in the cleaning stage of wheat containing between 130 and 200 µg/kg using industrial and traditional cleaning methods, respectively (Lešnik et al, 2008). The difference in the cleaning methods is that the industrial cleaning method employs several industrial separators, sieves and aspirator devices while the traditional cleaning method employs a simple screen device and an integrated aspirator (Lešnik et al, 2008).…”

Section: Cleaning and Sortingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on risks for animal and public health related to the presence of nivalenol in food and feed

2013

EFSA Journal

136

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Nivalenol is a mycotoxin produced by various Fusarium species. The European Commission (EC) asked the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) for a scientific opinion on the risk to human and animal health related to the presence of nivalenol in food and feed. A total of 13 164 results for nivalenol in food, feed and unprocessed grains, collected in 2001-2011 from 18 European countries, were available for the evaluation. The highest mean concentrations for nivalenol were observed in oats, maize, barley and wheat and products thereof. Grains and grain-based foods, in particular bread and rolls, grain milling products, pasta, fine bakery wares and breakfast cereals, made the largest contribution to nivalenol exposure for humans. Animal exposure to nivalenol is primarily from consuming cereal grains and cereal by-products. The available information on the toxicokinetics of nivalenol is incomplete. Evidence exists for metabolic de-epoxidation in some species. Based on the data available, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) concluded that the overall weight of evidence is that nivalenol is unlikely to be genotoxic. Toxic effects of nivalenol include immunotoxicity and haematotoxicity. A reduction in white blood cell (WBC) counts in a 90-day rat study was identified as the critical effect for human risk assessment. Using these data and a benchmark dose analysis the CONTAM Panel established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 1.2 µg/kg b.w. per day. All chronic human dietary exposures to nivalenol estimated, based on the available occurrence data in food, are below the TDI, and are therefore not a health concern. No toxicity data were identified for ruminants, rabbits, fish and companion animals but lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels were identified in pigs and poultry. Based on estimates of exposure the risk of adverse health effects of feed containing nivalenol is low for both these species

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Section: Rolling and Millingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cookingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cleaning and Sortingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on risks for animal and public health related to the presence of nivalenol in food and feed

2013

EFSA Journal

136

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“…This means that the absence of Fusarium symptoms on grain is no guarantee that whole-grain flour obtained from symptom-free grain will not contain high levels of DON. According to our previous research on the reduction of DON concentrations during grain cleaning, milling and baking of whole-grain products (Lešnik et al, 2008), we believe that only grain that contains less than 750 µg kg -1 DON is suitable for processing into whole-grain flour.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is also expected that usual grain cleaning procedures reduce DON content by at least 20-40% (Tkachuk et al, 1991) and standard milling procedures by another 20-30% (Murphy et al, 2006). In the case of whole-grain flour preparation, the reduction of DON content is considerably lower, and thus, the initial content in cleaned grain prior to milling must be considerably lower (<750 µg kg -1 ) to guarantee a low DON content in whole-grain bakery products (Lešnik et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fusarium infected grain removal efficacy in cleaning wheat grain prior to milling

Vajs

Kramberger

Žerjav

et al. 2014

Zemdirbyste-Agriculture

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Four wheat cultivars with different levels of tolerance to Fusarium head blight (FHB) were grown in small plots and were inoculated with spores of Fusarium fungi during the anthesis. The harvested grain was cleaned by a special cleaner which separated it in 4 size fractions: F1 ->2.4 mm, F2 -2.0-2.4 mm, F3 -1.8-2.0 mm, F4 -<1.8 mm. These were further divided manually in four sub-fractions according to the rate of FHB symptom expression, i.e. grain without any visible symptoms, grain with changes in colour without changes in shape, grain with changes in colour and moderate changes in shape or size, and heavily infected malformed grain. Deoxynivalenol (DON) content in grain of different fractions was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV) analysis. Comparisons between initial DON content before cleaning and DON content in individual fractions after cleaning were made. The cleaning efficacy (rate of DON content reduction) due to the cleaning and separating of grain in size fractions was higher in semi-tolerant and susceptible cultivars than in FHB tolerant cultivar. Due to the low cleaning efficiency, cleaned grain of tolerant cultivar (without any symptom of FHB), contained twice more DON (870-1350 µg kg -1 ) than cleaned and apparently healthy grain of semi-tolerant cultivar (160-570 µg kg -1 ); its DON content was comparable to that of the susceptible cultivar (905-1140 µg kg -1 ). Our results indicate that FHB tolerant cultivars may contain a high proportion of grain which is apparently healthy, but contains excessive DON levels. Such tolerant cultivars can contribute a lot to minimisation of yield loss caused by FHB, yet they may present a potential health hazard of organic whole-grain flour produced in non-industrial grain processing systems.

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Strategies for the Management and Mitigation of Nivalenol Contamination in Food and Feed

Mahadevarao,

Puttaswamy

2023

Anti‐Mycotoxin Strategies for Food and Feed

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Milling and bread baking techniques significantly affect the mycotoxin (deoxynivalenol and nivalenol) level in bread

Cited by 16 publications

References 24 publications

Scientific Opinion on risks for animal and public health related to the presence of nivalenol in food and feed

Scientific Opinion on risks for animal and public health related to the presence of nivalenol in food and feed

Fusarium infected grain removal efficacy in cleaning wheat grain prior to milling

Strategies for the Management and Mitigation of Nivalenol Contamination in Food and Feed

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