Mineral Constituents of Edible Field Parasol (Macrolepiota procera) Mushrooms and the Underlying Substrate from Upland Regions of Poland: Bioconcentration Potential, Intake Benefits, and Toxicological Risk

Abstract

Fungi play a key role in the transfer of metals from the lithosphere into the biosphere. Within the biodiverse world, mushrooms are the important groups that constitute edible and medicinal mushrooms. Most of the estimated 2,000 species of edible wild mushrooms that grow worldwide are poorly characterized with respect to their composition and multi-mineral constituents as well as their bio-accessibility, while such information is completely absent for numerous species. In the studies of metallic elements and metalloids in mushrooms, the pertinent question is the unraveling of the qualitative and quantitative interrelationships between the elements/ Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 25, No. 6 (2016), 2445-2460 Original Research AbstractThis paper presents analytical and scientific monitoring data on the bioconcentration potential of trace elements and mineral compounds in Macrolepiota procera collected from background areas in upland regions of central Poland. The contents of Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb, Rb, Sr, and Zn in caps and stipes (99 specimens) and underlying soil substrates were examined by ICP-OES and Hg by CV-AAS after wet digestion. The results showed that M. procera is a rich source of especially Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, and Zn. The contents of Pb, Hg, Ag, and Cd in the caps were 1.7±0.6 to 5.9±1.7, 1.8±0.8 to 5.3±0.8, 1.2±0.7 to 16±7, and 0.56±0.13 to 4.9±5.4 mg kg -1 dry matter, respectively. Probable dietary intake assessment showed that occasional consumption (once a week) of Macrolepiota procera caps could be safe, while consumption more than once a week could provide doses of toxic metals that exceed the provisionally allowed daily intake limits for humans.

Determination of Elements in Wild Edible Mushrooms: Levels and Risk Assessment

“…Particularly, wild growing mushrooms play an important role in the cycle of organic matter and trace element because they are able to degrade the organic substrate (saprophytic fungi) and/or coexist with the host organism (mycorrhizal fungi) and thus close the biological cycle in the forest ecosystem (Gupta et al, 2014;Petkovšek and Pokorny, 2013;Ouzouni et al, 2009). In combination with their characteristic high bioaccumulative capacity for risk elements (mainly saprophytic fungi) they reduce the content of xenobiotics in other environmental compartments (Árvay et al, 2017;Kojta et al, 2016;Stefanović et al, 2016;Angelovičová and Fazekašová 2014) at the expense of increasing content of the contaminants in their fructification organs (Slávik et al, 2013). Many studies show that the quality of the environment is a significant factor affecting the content of the risk elements in the above-ground parts of mushrooms, as well as plants and/or products (Falandysz 2017;Širić et al, 2017;Stanovič et al, 2016;Mleczek et al, 2015;Árvay et al, 2014;Tomáš et al, 2014;Mleczek et al, 2013).…”

Structural Characteristics and Collagen Reaction Ability of Polyphenols in Larch Tanning Wastewater – an Important Hint for Vegetable Tanning Wastewater Recycling

“…3b). Theoretically, these signals have identical T 1 and NOE values, which means the average polymerization degree could be calculated by integrating these signals [34]. Unfortunately, in the case of the spectra presented here the signal-to-noise ratio is too low for such quantification.…”

“…In this process, a huge quantity of water and inorganic and organic chemicals are used, thereby discharging solid and liquid wastes into the environment [1][2][3]. It is calculated that about 450 kg of solid waste as well as 50 m 3 of wastewater are released for every 200 kg of leather produced [4].…”

Accumulation Pattern of Inorganic Elements in Scaly Tooth Mushroom (Sarcodon imbricatus) from Northern Poland

“…Several studies have been conducted to understand the role of soil bedrock geochemistry and soil pollution in accumulation of toxic elements in fruiting bodies of mushrooms foraged in Europe . A few recent studies have shown that edible mushroom species growing in background (unpolluted) areas can accumulate Cd and Hg at level well above the content in soil substrate, while some mushrooms hyper accumulate As, Cd, Hg and Pb in the mining and geoanomalous areas . Heavy metal intake through consumption of metal‐tainted food is of interest because of their essential or toxic properties.…”