Mineral mass, size, and estimated mechanical strength of triple jumpers’ lower limb

Heinonen, Ari; Sievänen, Harri; Kyröläinen, Heikki; Perttunen, Jarmo; Kannus, Pekka

doi:10.1016/s8756-3282(01)00574-9

Cited by 109 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The significant increase in Ct.Dn at the diaphyseal sites (14, 38 and 66%) is in contrast to cross-sectional studies reporting no differences in volumetric Ct.Dn between athletic populations and controls [21,23] or between the playing and contralateral limb in tennis players [44]. Changes in Ct.Dn have not been demonstrated with short exercise interventions [38] or long-term participation in high impact sports [23].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Increased density and periosteal expansion of the tibia in young adult men following short-term arduous training

Izard¹,

Fraser

Negus³

et al. 2016

Bone

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2 AbstractPurpose: Few human studies have reported early structural adaptations of bone to weightbearing exercise, which provide a greater contribution to improved bone strength than increased density. This prospective study examined site-and regional-specific adaptations of the tibia during arduous training in a cohort of male military (infantry) recruits to better understand how bone responds in vivo to mechanical loading.Methods: Tibial bone density and geometry were measured in 90 British Army male recruits (ages 21 + 3 y, height 1.78 ± 0.06 m, body mass 73.9 + 9.8 kg) in weeks 1 (Baseline) and 10 of initial military training. Scans were performed at the 4%, 14%, 38% and 66% sites, measured from the distal end plate, using pQCT (XCT2000L, Stratec Pforzheim, Germany).Customised software (BAMPack, L-3 ATI) was used to examine whole bone cross-section and regional sectors. T-tests determined significant differences between time points (P<0.05).Results: Bone density of trabecular and cortical compartments increased significantly at all measured sites. Bone geometry (cortical area and thickness) and bone strength (i, MM i and BSI) at the diaphyseal sites (38 and 66%) were also significantly higher in week 10. Regional changes in density and geometry were largely observed in the anterior, medial-anterior and anterior-posterior sectors. Calf muscle density and area (66% site) increased significantly at week 10 (P<0.01). Conclusions:In vivo mechanical loading improves bone strength of the human tibia by increased density and periosteal expansion, which varies by site and region of the bone.These changes may occur in response to the nature and distribution of forces originating from bending, torsional and shear stresses of military training. These improvements are observed early in training when the osteogenic stimulus is sufficient, which may be close to the fracture threshold in some individuals.3

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is supported in cross-sectional studies of athletes using peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT), which describe a thicker cortex in the playing arm of tennis players [20], the tibia of triple jumpers [21] and in athletes from impact sports [22] compared with matched controls, with little or no differences in density [23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 86%

Increased density and periosteal expansion of the tibia in young adult men following short-term arduous training

Izard¹,

Fraser

Negus³

et al. 2016

Bone

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“…Dynamic and repetitive exposure of the skeleton to external impact-loading and muscular-loading forces of sufficient intensity were hypothesized to contribute to the development and maintenance of the load-bearing capacity of the bone (40). Important components of osteogenic stimulus are high strain rates and high peak forces in versatile movements (41,42). Adaptation to loading seems to occur in a site-specific manner, by gross geometric changes, structural and architectural changes, or both.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Slowing of bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by long‐term high‐intensity exercise: Results of a randomized, controlled trial

Jong

Munneke

Lems

et al. 2004

Arthritis & Rheumatism

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Objective. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are more at risk for the development of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures than are their healthy peers. In this randomized, controlled, multicenter trial, the effectiveness of a 2-year high-intensity weight-bearing exercise program (the RheumatoidArthritis-Patients-In-Training [RAPIT] program) on bone mineral density (BMD) was compared with usual care physical therapy, and the exercise modalities associated with changes in BMD were determined.Methods. Three hundred nine patients with RA were assigned to an intervention group, either the RAPIT program or usual care physical therapy. The primary end points were BMD of the hip and spine. The exercise modalities examined were aerobic fitness, muscle strength, and, as a surrogate for those effects not directly measured by the RAPIT program, attendance rate.Results. The data on the 136 RAPIT participants and 145 usual care participants who completed the study were analyzed. The mean rate of decrease in hip BMD, but not in lumbar spine BMD, was smaller in patients participating in the RAPIT program when compared with that in the usual care group, with a mean decrease of 1.6% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.8-2.5) over the first year and 0.5% (95% CI 1.1-2.0) over the second year. The change in hip BMD was significantly and independently associated with changes in both muscle strength (multivariate odds ratio [OR] 1.75, 95% CI 1.07-2.86) and aerobic fitness (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.10-2.90), but not with the attendance rate (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.99-1.00).Conclusion. A long-term high-intensity weightbearing exercise program for RA patients is effective in slowing down the loss of BMD at the hip. The exercise modalities associated with this effect are muscle strength and aerobic fitness.

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“…Peak vertical ground reaction forces are 12-20 times BW [42,43] for H-I exercise, 2.5-3.5 times BW [44][45][46] for O-I exercise, 2-3 times BW [47] for H-M exercise (squat), and 2-2.5 times BW [48,49] for R-I exercise while the estimated impact loading rates (BWs -1 ) are about 400-480 BWs -1 [42], 20-180 BWs -1 [44,45], 5-6 BWs -1 [47], and 60-150 BWs -1 [48][49][50], respectively. In swimming, peak reaction force and loading rate at the push-off phase of turning are estimated to be less than 1.5 times BW [51,52] and less than 10 BWs -1 [51], respectively.…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the clear benefits, H-I exercise does not provide a panacea against hip fragility and fractures. Extreme impact forces (12-20 times BW) [42,43] in the H-I exercises are obviously too risky not only for older people but also for sedentary people regardless of age. Since the O-I and R-I exercises produce moderate impacts, the risk of musculoskeletal injuries remains lower.…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise loading history and femoral neck strength in a sideways fall: A three-dimensional finite element modeling study

Abe

Narra

Nikander

et al. 2016

Bone

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Mineral mass, size, and estimated mechanical strength of triple jumpers’ lower limb

Cited by 109 publications

References 32 publications

Increased density and periosteal expansion of the tibia in young adult men following short-term arduous training

Increased density and periosteal expansion of the tibia in young adult men following short-term arduous training

Slowing of bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by long‐term high‐intensity exercise: Results of a randomized, controlled trial

Exercise loading history and femoral neck strength in a sideways fall: A three-dimensional finite element modeling study

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