Mineralization of cortical bone during maturation and growth in rabbits

Törnquist, Elin; Isaksson, Hanna; Turunen, Mikael J.

doi:10.1007/s00774-019-01068-y

Cited by 16 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The values presented are mean ± std of the three measurement positions on each specimen. www.nature.com/scientificreports/ orientational order, degree of orientation, and although not directly comparable, the values of the order parameter S reported here are in agreement with the previously reported degree of orientation, for both longitudinal and radial specimens in that longitudinal sections show a higher order of organisation than radial sections 14,16 . The longitudinal ovine specimen showed higher orientational order (S = 0.77 ± 0.03, mean ± std) for all measurement points and q-bands as compared to the longitudinal bovine and porcine specimens (S = 0.59 ± 0.03 and S = 0.60 ± 0.04, respectively, mean ± std).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The spread (std = 0.09 and 0.08 for SANS and SAXS, respectively) in orientational order among the longitudinal specimens was low, indicating a homogeneous nanostructure. For the radial specimens, the lower orientational order and the larger spread (std = 0.13 and 0.12 for SANS and SAXS, respectively) showed a more heterogeneous nanostructure, as was expected and discussed elsewhere 14 , and in agreement with the orientational parameters obtained from the micro-CT analysis (Table 3). Previous studies have reported a different measurement of Table 3.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…The 2D scattering data was averaged to simulate the volume measured with SANS. Data reduction, calibration to absolute intensity using a glassy carbon standard 32 , and subsequent angular integration over 2π were done using in-house Matlab code (R2019a, MathWorks Inc., MA, USA) 14,16 , as well as the cSAXS Matlab base package 33 . The beamstop, edges of the detector modules, and bad pixels were masked away, and the data was integrated both over 360° (full integration), and parallel and perpendicular to the collagen fibre orientation (partial integration for anisotropy analysis).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water is present in different compartments: in pores and canals (on the micrometre scale), as well as loosely bound to the surfaces of collagen fibrils, and between the collagen and mineral phases, and more tightly bound to the collagen molecule and inside the mineral crystal structure 11,12 . In cortical bone, the collagen has a preferred orientation along the main axis of loading and the organisation becomes more homogeneous as the tissue matures 3,[13][14][15] . In addition, it has been shown that cortical bone nanostructure is similar for different species 4 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) has been shown to be useful for investigating the nanostructure of bone as the mineral gives rise to a relatively strong scattering signal. The information obtained from SAXS studies includes average thickness, orientation, and degree of orientation of the mineral plates 4,10,14,16,17 . Neutron diffraction (ND) has previously been used to study the collagen structure, in terms of meridional and axial spacing of the collagen molecules, in both tendon and bone tissue [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Comparison of small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering for studying cortical bone nanostructure

Törnquist

Gentile

Prévost

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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in this study, we present a combined small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering (SAnS and SAXS) study of the nanoscale structure of cortical bone specimens from three different species. The variation of the scattering cross section of elements across the periodic table is very different for neutrons and X-rays. For X-rays, it is proportional to the electron density while for neutrons it varies irregularly with the atomic number. Hence, combining the two techniques on the same specimens allows for a more detailed interpretation of the scattering patterns as compared to a single-contrast experiment. The current study was performed on bovine, porcine and ovine specimens, obtained in two perpendicular directions with respect to the main axis of the bone (longitudinal and radial) in order to maximise the understanding of the nanostructural organisation. The specimens were also imaged with high resolution micro-computed tomography (micro-ct), yielding tissue mineral density and microstructural orientation as reference. We show that the SANS and SAXS patterns from the same specimen are effectively identical, suggesting that these bone specimens can be approximated as a two-component composite material. Hence, the observed small-angle scattering results mainly from the mineral-collagen contrast, apart from minor features associated with the internal collagen structure.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Comparison of small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering for studying cortical bone nanostructure

Törnquist

Gentile

Prévost

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Multiscale Characterization of Embryonic Long Bone Mineralization in Mice

et al. 2020

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Long bone mineralization occurs through endochondral ossification, where a cartilage template mineralizes into bone‐like tissue with a hierarchical organization from the whole bone‐scale down to sub‐nano scale. Whereas this process has been extensively studied at the larger length scales, it remains unexplored at some of the smaller length scales. In this study, the changes in morphology, composition, and structure during embryonic mineralization of murine humeri are investigated using a range of high‐resolution synchrotron‐based imaging techniques at several length scales. With micro‐ and nanometer spatial resolution, the deposition of elements and the shaping of mineral platelets are followed. Rapid mineralization of the humeri occurs over approximately four days, where mineral to matrix ratio and calcium content in the most mineralized zone reach adult values shortly before birth. Interestingly, zinc is consistently found to be localized at the sites of ongoing new mineralization. The mineral platelets in the most recently mineralized regions are thicker, longer, narrower, and less aligned compared to those further into the mineralized region. In summary, this study demonstrates a specific spatial distribution of zinc, with highest concentration where new mineral is being deposited and that the newly formed mineral platelets undergo slight reshaping and reorganization during embryonic development.

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Mineral Crystal Thickness in Calcified Cartilage and Subchondral Bone in Healthy and Osteoarthritic Human Knees

Finnilä

Turunen

et al. 2020

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease, where articular cartilage degradation is often accompanied with sclerosis of the subchondral bone. However, the association between OA and tissue mineralization at the nanostructural level is currently not understood. In particular, it is technically challenging to study calcified cartilage, where relevant but poorly understood pathological processes such as tidemark multiplication and advancement occur. Here, we used state‐of‐the‐art microfocus small‐angle X‐ray scattering with a 5‐μm spatial resolution to determine the size and organization of the mineral crystals at the nanostructural level in human subchondral bone and calcified cartilage. Specimens with a wide spectrum of OA severities were acquired from both medial and lateral compartments of medial compartment knee OA patients (n = 15) and cadaver knees (n = 10). Opposing the common notion, we found that calcified cartilage has thicker and more mutually aligned mineral crystals than adjoining bone. In addition, we, for the first time, identified a well‐defined layer of calcified cartilage associated with pathological tidemark multiplication, containing 0.32 nm thicker crystals compared to the rest of calcified cartilage. Finally, we found 0.2 nm thicker mineral crystals in both tissues of the lateral compartment in OA compared with healthy knees, indicating a loading‐related disease process because the lateral compartment is typically less loaded in medial compartment knee OA. In summary, we report novel changes in mineral crystal thickness during OA. Our data suggest that unloading in the knee might be involved with the growth of mineral crystals, which is especially evident in the calcified cartilage. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

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Mineralization of cortical bone during maturation and growth in rabbits

Cited by 16 publications

References 31 publications

Comparison of small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering for studying cortical bone nanostructure

Comparison of small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering for studying cortical bone nanostructure

Multiscale Characterization of Embryonic Long Bone Mineralization in Mice

Mineral Crystal Thickness in Calcified Cartilage and Subchondral Bone in Healthy and Osteoarthritic Human Knees

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