Mineralization of Synthetic Polymer Scaffolds:  A Bottom-Up Approach for the Development of Artificial Bone

Abstract

ABSTRACT. The controlled integration of organic and inorganic components confers natural bone with superior mechanical properties. Bone biogenesis is thought to occur by templated mineralization of hard apatite crystals by an elastic protein scaffold, a process we sought to emulate with synthetic biomimetic hydrogel polymers. Crosslinked polymethacrylamide and polymethacrylate hydrogels were functionalized with mineral-binding ligands and used to template the formation of hydroxyapatite.Strong adhesion between the organic and inorganic materials was achieved for hydrogels functionalized with either carboxylate or hydroxy ligands. The mineral-nucleating potential of hydroxyl groups identified here broadens the design parameters for synthetic bone-like composites and suggests a potential role for hydroxylated collagen proteins in bone mineralization. Introduction:

Ions-modified nanoparticles affect functional remineralization and energy dissipation through the resin-dentin interface

“…Therefore, NPs will facilitate mineral deposits formation. Carboxylate groups (COOH) may template the growth of calcium phosphates, as it has been previously demonstrated in other different synthetic polymers (Li et al, 2013;Song et al, 2005). If these formed mineral deposits will also facilitate a certain degree of intrafribrillar mineralization deserve future research.…”

“…If these formed mineral deposits will also facilitate a certain degree of intrafribrillar mineralization deserve future research. However, calcium and phosphate ions seem to be effective in dentin remineralization, where remaining mineral is present (Thompson et al, 2013), as it exists in partially demineralized dentin at the hybrid layer (Song et al, 2005). Although seen from the outside, this work might suffer from the innate drawbacks that doping can affect the properties of the NPs, including size, surface area, crystallinity and solubility and, in turns, this could negate the effect of ions.…”

Zinc-modified nanopolymers improve the quality of resin–dentin bonded interfaces

“…Carboxylate groups (COOH) may template the growth of calcium phosphates, as it has been previously shown in other different synthetic polymers [22,23]. If these formed mineral deposits will also facilitate a certain degree of intrafribrillar mineralization deserve future research.…”

Biomimetic Bonelike Composites and Novel Bioactive Glass Coatings

“…Strong adhesion between the organic and inorganic materials can be achieved for hydrogels functionalized with either carboxylate or hydroxy ligands. [17] The mineral-nucleating potential of hydroxyl groups identified here broadens the design parameters for synthetic bonelike composites and suggests a potential role for hydroxylated collagen proteins in bone mineralization. Human osteoblastic cells were found to attach, spread, and proliferate on all synthetic hydrogel copolymers tested, with no apparent cytotoxicity.…”

“…Observations have shown that pHEMAbased hydrogel copolymers can be mineralized in a way that provides very strong polymer-mineral interfacial adhesion. [17,18] The mineralization method takes advantage of the dramatically different solubilities of HA in acidic and basic aqueous solutions, and the chemically labile nature of ester groups of pHEMA in basic solutions. Thermodecomposition of urea in aqueous media was used as a facile pH modulator to generate an anionic surface and partially acidic interior of the pHEMA gel (Figure 4).…”