Mineralization of wood by calcium carbonate insertion for improved flame retardancy

Merk, Vivian; Chanana, Munish; Gaan, Sabyasachi; Burgert, Ingo

doi:10.1515/hf-2015-0228

Cited by 91 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…However, the obvious improvement in ignition time and the decrease in maximum HRR of densified wood at various heat fluxes confirm the effective fire retardancy of the dense and self‐formed char layer on the densified wood surface. The combustion performance between the densified wood without fire retardants and other flame‐retardant techniques further proved the superior fire retardancy of densified wood (Table S2, Supporting Information) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Dense, Self‐Formed Char Layer Enables a Fire‐Retardant Wood Structural Material

Gan

Chen

Wang

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

158

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Wood is one of the most abundant, sustainable, and aesthetically pleasing structural materials and is commonly used in building and furniture construction. Unfortunately, the fire hazard of wood is a major safety concern for its practical applications. Herein, an effective and environmentally friendly method is demonstrated to substantially improve the fire-retardant properties of wood materials by delignification and densification. The densification process eliminates the spaces between the cell walls, leading to a highly compact laminated structure that can block oxygen from infiltrating the material. In addition, an insulating wood char layer self-formed during the burning process obstructs the transport of heat and oxygen diffusion. These synergistic effects contribute to the material's excellent fire-retardant and self-extinguished properties, including a 2.08-fold enhancement in ignition time (t ig ) and 34.6% decrease in maximum heat release rate. Meanwhile, the densified wood shows a more than 82-fold enhancement in compressive strength compared with natural wood after exposure to flame for 90 s, which could effectively prevent the collapse and destruction of wooden structures, and gain precious rescue time when a fire occurs. The facile top-down chemical delignification and densification process enabling both substantially enhances fire-retardant performance and mechanical robustness represents a promising direction toward fire-retardant and high-strength structural materials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Dense, Self‐Formed Char Layer Enables a Fire‐Retardant Wood Structural Material

Gan

Chen

Wang

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

158

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“…Minerals and inorganic substances in plants are normally determined as the residue remaining after all the combustible material has been burned off and therefore no detailed information about the kind of inorganic is gained. Raman microscopy studies allow the identification, characterization and spatial localization of inorganic substances in fossil e.g (156) and ancient plants ( 125–127 , 157 , 158 ) as well as in modified (mineralized) wood ( 159 , 160 ).…”

Section: Imaging Chemical and Structural Changes On The Sub-micron Lementioning

confidence: 99%

New insights into plant cell walls by vibrational microspectroscopy

Gierlinger

2017

Applied Spectroscopy Reviews

111

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Vibrational spectroscopy provides non-destructively the molecular fingerprint of plant cells in the native state. In combination with microscopy, the chemical composition can be followed in context with the microstructure, and due to the non-destructive application, in-situ studies of changes during, e.g., degradation or mechanical load are possible. The two complementary vibrational microspectroscopic approaches, Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Microspectroscopy and Confocal Raman spectroscopy, are based on different physical principles and the resulting different drawbacks and advantages in plant applications are reviewed. Examples for FT-IR and Raman microscopy applications on plant cell walls, including imaging as well as in-situ studies, are shown to have high potential to get a deeper understanding of structure–function relationships as well as biological processes and technical treatments. Both probe numerous different molecular vibrations of all components at once and thus result in spectra with many overlapping bands, a challenge for assignment and interpretation. With the help of multivariate unmixing methods (e.g., vertex components analysis), the most pure components can be revealed and their distribution mapped, even tiny layers and structures (250 nm). Instrumental as well as data analysis progresses make both microspectroscopic methods more and more promising tools in plant cell wall research.

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“…in the bathing fluid as well as in the large macroscopic channels present in wood cell wall. [23] However, if the anion or the cation is adsorbed or complexed on the surface of the hydrophobic crystalline material, charge separation occurs: electrostatic repulsion between charged crystals is screened by the diffuse layer of counter-ions and any other "background" salt present. [24] 3.…”

Section: Force Balance Methods For the Case Of Swelling In The Absencementioning

confidence: 99%

Composition dependent Equation of State of cellulose based plant tissues in the presence of electrolytes

Barbetta

Bertinetti

Zemb³

2017

Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspect

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 Wood cell wall Equation of State, calculated from modeling, is compared to classical models based on fitting of experimental sorption parameters  The addition of an electrostatic term to the Equation of State extends its validity to the case of impregnated electrolytes  Gravimetric experimental wood Equation of State shows an acceptable correspondence with the calculated curve  Wood hemicelluloses play a dominant role during electrolytes adsorption Cell walls of so-called "wood-materials" are constituted by a complex, highly anisotropic and hierarchically organized nanocomposite, characterized by stiff crystalline cellulose nano-fibers, parallel to each other, and embedded in a softer and less anisotropic matrix of hemicelluloses, lignin and water. This matrix is hygroscopic, and therefore swells with increasing humidity. Consequently, wood cells undergo large dimensional changes. A minimal model of wood secondary cell walls to predict water absorption has recently been developed by Bertinetti and co-workers [1] in the form of an Equation of State (EOS) that represents equivalently the water sorption versus relative humidity, as considered in chemical engineering, or the relation between osmotic pressure and volume of solutes, in the physical chemistry equation of state approach initiated by Jean Perrin. We extend hereby this model to the presence of electrolytes adsorbed in the gel part wood cell wall and compare compression wood cell walls to the extreme case of coir.

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Mineralization of wood by calcium carbonate insertion for improved flame retardancy

Cited by 91 publications

References 54 publications

Dense, Self‐Formed Char Layer Enables a Fire‐Retardant Wood Structural Material

Dense, Self‐Formed Char Layer Enables a Fire‐Retardant Wood Structural Material

New insights into plant cell walls by vibrational microspectroscopy

Composition dependent Equation of State of cellulose based plant tissues in the presence of electrolytes

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