Mineralogical, crystal morphological, and isotopic characteristics of smooth slope travertine deposits at Reshuitang, Tengchong, China

Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Stable Isotopes (C, O, S) of Hot Spring Waters and Associated Travertines near Tamiahua Lagoon, Veracruz, Gulf of Mexico (Mexico)

“…Travertine formation results from a complex interaction between geochemical, physical, and microbial processes [1][2][3][4][5]. Carbonates precipitated from hot spring water, seeps, and fumaroles are classified as thermogenic travertines [6][7][8], while those derived from ambienttemperature water are known as tufas. According to Pentecost (2005) [6] and Pentecost and Viles (1994) [9], those carbonates formed from groundwater loaded with some meteoric component and where atmospheric carbon dioxide is fixed are called meteogene.…”

“…The carbonic acid formed in this process dissolves the regional deep limestone layers and enriches the groundwater with CO2 [6]. On the other hand, thermogene travertines are formed by CO2 [8,10] released by thermal processes within the earth's crust. When CO2 is dissolved in groundwater under higher-pressure conditions, it dissolves rocks rich in calcium and rises to the surface as hot springs, often in zones of recent volcanic or hydrothermal activity [6,11,12].…”

“…The detailed study of travertine formations requires the combined use of different disciplines and analytical methods such as mineralogy, sedimentology, isotope geochemistry, carbonate chemistry kinetics, paleoclimatology, and geomicrobiology ( [8,14] and references therein). The most frequent low-temperature travertine morphologies are mounds, pendants, and terraces associated with dams.…”

“…The laminations are the most common textural lithofacies observed in many of these formations. Their cyclicity, origin, and relationship with biogenic activity are still discussed [8,[15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26].…”