Mineralogical, geochemical and microfabric evidences of gypsum crusts: a case study from Budapest

Siegesmund, Siegfried; Török, Ákos; Hüpers, Andre; Müller, Christof; Klemm, W.

doi:10.1007/s00254-006-0588-3

Cited by 51 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Besides weathered stones, dust samples were collected from each site. Limestone monuments found in both city centres of Budapest (Török 2003;Török and Rozgonyi 2004;Siegesmund et al 2007) and less polluted rural areas provided the study and sampling sites in Hungary. Whenever possible, dust samples were collected layer by layer, i.e.…”

Section: Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Visually, these changes appear in the form of blackened surfaces, whilst the mineralogical and chemical composition of the reaction products show varieties in terms of main and trace elements (Gavino et al 2004), organic compounds (Fobe et al 1995;Bonazza et al 2005) as well as isotopic composition (Torfs et al 1997;Klemm and Siedel 2002;Siegesmund et al 2007). It has been widely documented that atmospheric pollution derived SO 2 is the main source of gypsum crust formation, whilst the contribution of other compounds, especially dust, is also important, since dust serves as catalyst in gypsum crust formation and causes blackening of limestone surfaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Previous research has focused on field studies of existing monuments that are found in urban areas including marbles (Moropoulou et al 1998;Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki and Biscontin 1999) and various types of limestone (Amoroso and Fassina 1983;Viles 1993;Fobe et al 1995;Török 2002;Gaviňo et al 2004;Smith and Viles 2006;Siegesmund et al 2007;Török et al 2007). So far, only a few papers have dealt with monuments found in rural areas far from urban pollution fluxes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urban and rural limestone weathering; the contribution of dust to black crust formation

Török

Licha

Simon³

et al. 2010

Environ Earth Sci

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A novel approach of studying dust, black crust and host limestones by using various techniques is presented in this paper. Samples were collected from limestone monuments located in rural, urban and industrial areas in Germany and Hungary. The paper focuses on differences in the mineralogical composition, major and trace element distribution of materials and their total polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) concentration having different exposure to air pollutants. High concentration of gypsum was found in laminar and dendritic black crusts and even in the dust of both urban and rural areas, despite the low concentration of SO 2 in rural atmospheric environments. The black crusts show a typical microfabric with distinct layers of various gypsum-calcite mineral associations, silt-sized mineral fragments and black particle content. In dust, newly formed gypsum crystals were found along with mineral fragments, and siliceous and, less frequently, carbonaceous fly ash particles. High concentration of lead was found both in the samples of urban and rural areas of Germany and Hungary. Lead mostly accumulates in dust and also in the black crust. Highest lead concentrations were found not on the surface of the black crust, but close to the crust/limestone boundary according to LA-ICPMS analyses. It indicates that despite the ban of leaded petrol, lead is still present in the dust and the in the soiled zones of the built environment. Similarly to lead, no significant difference in the total PAH content of dust and crust samples were found in the two countries. Dusts are equally enriched in PAH in both countries, whereas black crusts contain fewer amounts. Most of the aqueous extracts of the samples were saturated with respect to sulphate, which also indicate the presence of gypsum, whilst in some German samples unsaturated conditions were detected. In summary, by using a combination of these analytical techniques, it was possible to distinguish rural and urban samples and to outline the role of dust in bringing pollutants to the stone surface. It is suggested that the analysed dust and stone samples indicate not only present, but also the past, pollution fluxes and as a consequence stones similar to sediments or surface waters can be used as environment indicators.

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Section: Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Urban and rural limestone weathering; the contribution of dust to black crust formation

Török

Licha

Simon³

et al. 2010

Environ Earth Sci

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“…Recently, some authors (Siegesmund et al 2007) examined the presence of white and black crusts on the Parliament façade in Budapest, and, analysing S content, Si/Al ratios and particulates in black crusts, they agree that air pollution (SO 2 , dust) contributes to black crust formation. In the case of Milan cathedral, the crust of 11S124 sample is a 'black crust' according to the definition reported above in the "Background, aim and scope".…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Black layers on historical architecture

Toniolo

Zerbi

Bugini³

2008

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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New experimental studies can be focussed to understand the specific conditions (measurements of micro-climatic and thermodynamic parameters) and mechanisms for black crusts formation in situ. The problem of the kinetic of the sulphation process of marble, the assessment of black layers formation in the case of different carbonate stone materials and the study of acid attack in presence of surface protecting layers deserve further investigation.

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“…This paper is focused on the gypsum-rich patina (black crust) formation. Sulphation has been recognized to be one of the main causes responsible for the carbonatic rocks deterioration processes in urban environments (Camuffo et al, 1983;Garcia-Vallès et al, 1998;Feely et al, 2000;Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, 2005;Gross et al, 2006;Siegesmund et al, 2007;Kramar and Mirtič, 2008). This "stone disease" is extended on the surface of unique Saint Petersburg monuments and results often in irreplaceable losses (Timasheva et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decaying of the marble and limestone monuments in the urban environment. Case studies from Saint Petersburg, Russia

Frank‐Kamenetskaya¹,

Vlasov²,

Zelenskaya³

et al. 2009

Studia UBB, Geologia

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ABSTRACT.The results of a long-lasting research of sulphation process, which causes an essential deterioration of marble and limestone monuments in Saint Petersburg are reported. Based on a variety of field and analytical methods we can show that the decay process forming a gypsum-rich patina depends mainly on the local environment, the moisture accumulation, and is connected with the fissuring and porosity of the rock and the relief of a monument. Three main stages of gypsum-rich patina formation in the presence of microorganisms were revealed.

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Mineralogical, geochemical and microfabric evidences of gypsum crusts: a case study from Budapest

Cited by 51 publications

References 30 publications

Urban and rural limestone weathering; the contribution of dust to black crust formation

Urban and rural limestone weathering; the contribution of dust to black crust formation

Black layers on historical architecture

Decaying of the marble and limestone monuments in the urban environment. Case studies from Saint Petersburg, Russia

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