Mini review on emerging methods of preparation of liposome and its application as Liposome drug delivery systems

Abstract

Liposomes, sphere-shaped vesicles consisting of one or more phospholipid bilayers, were fi rst described in the mid-60s. Nowadays, they are a very useful reproduction, reagent, and device in various scientifi c disciplines, including medicine, chemistry, biochemistry, colloid science, biology, physics, biophysics, mathematics and theoretical. After the initial discoveries liposomes have made their way to the market. Among numerous brilliant new drug delivery systems developed, liposomes characterize an advanced technology to deliver active molecules to the site of action, and at present, several formulations are in clinical use. Research on liposome technology has progressed from conventional vesicles to 'second-generation liposomes', in which long-circulating liposomes are obtained by modulating the lipid composition, size, and charge of the vesicle. Liposomes with modifi ed surfaces have also been developed using several molecules, such as glycolipids or sialic acid. This paper mini review summarizes exclusively Nano-lipids, its applications in medicine scalable techniques in treating dreadful diseases cancer, AIDS, paralysis etcand focuses on strengths, respectively, limitations in respect to industrial applicability and regulatory requirements concerning liposomal drug formulations based on FDA and EMEA documents.

Liposomes as vehicles for topical ophthalmic drug delivery and ocular surface protection

“…Before getting into any method, it is important to note that in any selected method the phase transition temperature (Tc) of the phospholipids is critical in order to successfully prepare the liposomal dispersion. Working conditions below Tc and in particular while re-hydration and extrusion, could hamper the process and avoid the lipid mixture to go from gel state into the preferred 'fluid' or crystalline state [90]. For example, Tc of DOPG is -18 ºC and soy phosphatidylcholine -20ºC to -30ºC, but DMPC (dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine) or DPPC (dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine) have 23ºC and 41ºC Tc respectively [91].…”

“…For long-term stability, storage of liposomes in an aqueous dispersion at low temperatures (4-6ºC) and pH adjustment to values of maximum stability of liposomes is recommended[226].Scalability is another delicate issue that is gaining importance since liposomal formulations are entering the market. Developing large amounts of liposomes in a fast, easy and not very expensive way is strongly associated to the type of liposomes and products that are going to be encapsulated.Nonetheless, novel techniques such as microfluidics chips and micro emulsification and optimization of other better-known methods, such as ethanol injection, are being investigated since they constitute a potential source of liposome making for industries[90].Moreover, it bears mentioning the exosomes, innovative systems considered an evolution of liposomal formulations, have gained much interest over the last few years. Exosomes are sphere-like extracellular vesicles that are produced in endosomes of all eukaryotic cells.…”

Lipid-engineered nanotherapeutics for cancer management

“…Liposome preparation methods can be mechanical (film method, ultrasonication method), based on replacement of organic solvent (reverse-phase evaporation method, ether vaporization method), or based on size transformation or fusion of preformed vesicles (freeze-thaw extrusion method, dehydration-rehydration method). ( Ateeq et al, 2018 ). Several methods are typically combined to optimize the desired formulation.…”

Analysis of Innovative Drug Therapies via Nanotechnologies against HIV/AIDS: A Clinical Systematic Review

“…In this scenario, there is a requirement for several researchers and also trials to evaluate the effect of vitamin C on the selected disease. The drug-loaded carrier based on nanotechnology has been found to help target anatomical along with "cellular viral reservoirs" that subsequently eradicate the virus from the sites of the reservoirs [14]. The nanocarriers provide drug therapy controllably that helps in incrementing bioavailability and also enhancing life quality among HIV patients [15].…”