Mini‐review: The role of peptidoglycan recognition in innate immunity

Girardin, Stephen E.; Philpott, Dana J.

doi:10.1002/eji.200425095

Cited by 115 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…[230][231][232][233][234] PGN is the major constituent of bacterial cells walls, providing shape and mechanical rigidity, and is composed of oligosaccharide subunits that contain alternating N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc), cross-linked to each other by short peptides. A structural distinction between Gram-positive and Gram-negative PGN resides in the amino acid composition of the intervening peptides; in Gram-positive bacteria, the amino acid is commonly a lysine, whereas a diaminopimelic acid (DAP) is found in most Gram-negative bacteria.…”

Section: Intracellular Tlr7 Activation: Imidazoquinoline Ligandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[227][228][229][230] model studies that take into consideration not only adjuvanticity, but also issues of species-specificities of TLR-specific responses and of local and systemic toxicities will likely accelerate the discovery and development of clinically useful adjuvants in the years to come. dendritic cells, which appear to solely utilize TLR3 for RNA recognition.…”

Section: Peptidoglycan Fragment Sensing By Intracellular Nod-like Recmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential adjuvantic properties of innate immune stimuli

et al. 2009

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Just as the prescient comment by Gaston Ramon was relegated to the last footnote of his 1926 paper, 1 so has research on the mechanisms of action of adjuvants, until recently, languished as parenthetical annotations and addenda in the archives of immunology and vaccine development. Ramon defined immunological adjuvants as "substances used in combination with a specific antigen that produced a more robust immune response than the antigen alone." Interestingly enough, he was referring to his empirical findings that the addition of bread crumbs, tapioca, saponin and 'starch oil' to antigenic preparations greatly enhanced antibody responses to diphtheria or tetanus. 2 A year later, the adjuvanticity of aluminum salts (primarily phosphate and hydroxide) was discovered by Glenny and coworkers. 3 In the 83 years that have elapsed, the repertoire of investigational adjuvants has grown to encompass a very wide range of materials, 4 but aluminum salt-based mineral salts (generically, and incorrectly, termed "alum") have remained the only adjuvants currently approved by the FDA. Aluminum salts have enjoyed a good safety record, but they are weak adjuvants for antibody induction and induce a T helper-2 (T H 2)-skewed, rather than a T helper-1 (T H 1) response. 5,6 Furthermore, not only are aluminum salts ineffective at inducing cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) or mucosal IgA antibody responses, but also have a propensity to induce IgE responses, which have been associated with allergic reactions in some subjects. 5,6 Very recent reports implicate the Nalp3 inflammasome, a component of the innate immune response, as the effector limb of alum-associated adjuvanticity. [7][8][9] In 1962, Dresser observed that injection of purified soluble proteins not only failed to stimulate an immune response, but tolerized animals unless a bacterial extract was admixed with the protein immunogen. 10 This led him to redefine adjuvanticity as "a property of a substance which can act as a physiological switch, directing at least some immunologically competent cells to respond by making antibody rather than by becoming immunologically paralyzed by the antigen," 11 confirming Johnson's earlier observations that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative bacteria exerted potent adjuvant properties, 12 and perhaps paved the way for the subsequent discovery of the wide range of microorganism-derived adjuvants. 13 TLRs are pattern recognition receptors present on diverse cell types that recognize specific molecular patterns present in molecules that are broadly shared by pathogens but distinguishable from host molecules, collectively referred to as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). 14,15 There are 10 TLRs in the human genome;

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Section: Intracellular Tlr7 Activation: Imidazoquinoline Ligandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Peptidoglycan Fragment Sensing By Intracellular Nod-like Recmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential adjuvantic properties of innate immune stimuli

et al. 2009

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“…Recently, the molecular bases for MDP recognition and subsequent stimulation of the host immune system have been uncovered. Myeloid immune cells (monocytes, granulocytes, neutrophils, and also DCs) possess two types of intracellular receptor for MDP, namely NOD2 and Cryopyrin (inflammasome-NALP-3 complex) (Agostini et al, 2004;Girardin and Philpott, 2004;McDonald et al, 2005). These two receptors recognize MDP/MDP analogues minimal recognition motifs for bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans (Girardin & Philpott, 2004;McDonald et al, 2005).…”

Section: Muramyl Dipeptide and Other Muropeptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Myeloid immune cells (monocytes, granulocytes, neutrophils, and also DCs) possess two types of intracellular receptor for MDP, namely NOD2 and Cryopyrin (inflammasome-NALP-3 complex) (Agostini et al, 2004;Girardin and Philpott, 2004;McDonald et al, 2005). These two receptors recognize MDP/MDP analogues minimal recognition motifs for bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans (Girardin & Philpott, 2004;McDonald et al, 2005). NOD2 is also expressed in specialised epithelial cells, Paneth cells, localised in crypts of Lieberkün, which are producers of antimicrobial peptides having direct antimicrobial activity together with signalling functions within the immune system.…”

Section: Muramyl Dipeptide and Other Muropeptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Liposomes for Construction of Vaccines

Tuřánek¹,

Mašek²,

Raška³

et al. 2012

Biomedical Science, Engineering and Technology

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“…Peptidoglycan (PGN) is an excellent target for recognition by eukaryotic innate immune system, because it is an essential component of all bacterial cell wall, but not present in eukaryotic cells (Dziarski, 2003). In mammals, the members of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) and peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) families mediate PGN recognition (Girardin and Philpott, 2004;Takeuchi et al, 1999). Among which, PGRPs are ubiquitous and conserved through evolution, and present in most invertebrates such as insects (Werner et al, 2000), mollusks Su et al, 2007) and echinoderms (Coteur et al, 2007), as well as in all vertebrate animals (Kang et al, 1998;Liu et al, 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%