Miniaturized Flexible Electronic Systems with Wireless Power and Near‐Field Communication Capabilities

Kim, Jeonghyun; Banks, Anthony; Xie, Zhaoqian; Heo, Seung Yun; Gutruf, Philipp; Lee, Jung Woo; Xu, Sheng; Jang, Kyung‐In; Liu, Fei; Brown, Leanne; Choi, Jung‐Hyun; Kim, Joo Hyun; Feng, Xue; Huang, Yonggang; Paik, Ungyu; Rogers, John A.

doi:10.1002/adfm.201501590

Cited by 163 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…These changes in performance are caused by the deformation of the shape in the coil antenna, consistent with behaviors in circular copper antenna structures. 25,40 However, these characteristics do not have significant adverse effects on the operation of the wireless strain sensor using NFC, since the integrated NFC chip has a constant output voltage of 3.4 V. Only signals related to the resistance change (ΔR) of the sensor caused by the external strain loading are transmitted to the external reader as meaningful data.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A skin-attachable, stretchable integrated system based on liquid GaInSn for wireless human motion monitoring with multi-site sensing capabilities

et al. 2017

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This paper introduces a liquid-metal integrated system that combines soft electronics materials and engineering designs with advanced near-field-communication (NFC) functionality for human motion sensing. All of the active components, that is, strain sensor, antenna and interconnections, in this device are made of liquid metal, and the device has unique gel-like characteristics and stretchability. Patterning procedures based on selective wetting properties of the reduced GaInSn enable a skin-attachable, miniaturized layout, in which the diameter of the device is less than 2 cm. Electromechanical characterization of the strain sensor and antenna reveals their behaviors under large uniaxial tensile and compressive strains, as well as more complex modes of deformation. Demonstrations of these devices involve their use in monitoring various human motions in a purely wireless fashion; examples include wrist flexion, movements of the vocal cord and finger motion. This simple platform has potential for use in human-machine interfaces for prosthetic control and other applications. NPG Asia Materials (2017) 9, e443; doi:10.1038/am.2017.189; published online 27 October 2017 INTRODUCTION Skin-mounted, deformable devices capable of sensing various signals such as strain, pressure and temperature can be used in a variety of applications ranging from health monitoring systems and personal diagnostics to human-machine interfaces. 1 Advanced concepts in stretchable materials and mechanics principles form the basis for devices that can gently laminate onto the soft and curvilinear surfaces of human skin or conformally wrap onto internal organs of the body. 2-5 Gallium-based liquid metals are highly suitable candidates for such applications due to their unlimited deformability while maintaining excellent metallic conductivity. The use of gallium-based liquid-metal alloys confined in elastomeric enclosures provides intrinsically stretchable properties that maintain bulk electrical conductivity with high stretchability. 6 Additionally, unlike mercury, gallium is safe to use in ambient environment due to its low vapor pressure. 7,8 By taking full advantage of the deformability and nontoxicity of the liquid metal, many research groups have utilized liquid metal for wearable

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A skin-attachable, stretchable integrated system based on liquid GaInSn for wireless human motion monitoring with multi-site sensing capabilities

et al. 2017

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“…5 summarizes an example of extended use in a realistic scenario in which skin-mounted operation allows continuous monitoring of temperature during physical exercise. Here, the device laminates onto the forearm of a volunteer on a stationary bike; a separate, wirelessly powered NFC (SL13A, AMS) device (15) placed on an adjacent region of the arm collected data at a sampling rate of 1 point/1 min via NFC-equipped smartphone (Galaxy Note 4, Samsung) to provide a set of data as a control (Fig. 5A).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many impressive examples of the utility of these concepts have emerged over the last several years, particularly in the area of biomedical devices, where work in skin-mounted technologies is now moving from laboratory demonstrations to devices with proven utility in human clinical studies (11,12) and even to recently launched commercial products (13). Although schemes in high-frequency or ultrahigh-frequency wireless power transfer satisfy requirements in many important contexts (14,15), opportunities remain for approaches in local generation and/or storage of power in ways that retain overall stretchable characteristics at the system level. Reported approaches to the former involve harvesting based on piezoelectric (16,17), triboelectric (18), and thermoelectric (19) effects; the latter includes batteries (20)(21)(22) and supercapacitors (23,24) enabled by various unusual materials.…”

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confidence: 99%

Soft, thin skin-mounted power management systems and their use in wireless thermography

Lee

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Power supply represents a critical challenge in the development of body-integrated electronic technologies. Although recent research establishes an impressive variety of options in energy storage (batteries and supercapacitors) and generation (triboelectric, piezoelectric, thermoelectric, and photovoltaic devices), the modest electrical performance and/or the absence of soft, biocompatible mechanical properties limit their practical use. The results presented here form the basis of soft, skin-compatible means for efficient photovoltaic generation and high-capacity storage of electrical power using dual-junction, compound semiconductor solar cells and chip-scale, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, respectively. Miniaturized components, deformable interconnects, optimized array layouts, and dual-composition elastomer substrates, superstrates, and encapsulation layers represent key features. Systematic studies of the materials and mechanics identify optimized designs, including unusual configurations that exploit a folded, multilayer construct to improve the functional density without adversely affecting the soft, stretchable characteristics. System-level examples exploit such technologies in fully wireless sensors for precision skin thermography, with capabilities in continuous data logging and local processing, validated through demonstrations on volunteer subjects in various realistic scenarios.solid-state lithium-ion battery | multijunction solar cell | stretchable electronics | energy management | wearable technology R ecent ideas in materials science and mechanical engineering establish strategies for integrating functionality enabled by hard forms of electronics with compliant interconnects and soft packages to yield hybrid systems that offer low-modulus, elastic responses to large strain deformations (1-4). Such stretchable characteristics are qualitatively different from those afforded by simple mechanical bendability; the consequences are important because such properties allow for intimate, long-lived interfaces with the human body, such as the skin (5, 6), heart (7), and the brain (8), and for development of unusual device designs that derive inspiration from biology (9, 10). Many impressive examples of the utility of these concepts have emerged over the last several years, particularly in the area of biomedical devices, where work in skin-mounted technologies is now moving from laboratory demonstrations to devices with proven utility in human clinical studies (11, 12) and even to recently launched commercial products (13). Although schemes in high-frequency or ultrahigh-frequency wireless power transfer satisfy requirements in many important contexts (14, 15), opportunities remain for approaches in local generation and/or storage of power in ways that retain overall stretchable characteristics at the system level. Reported approaches to the former involve harvesting based on piezoelectric (16, 17), triboelectric (18), and thermoelectric (19) effects; the latter includes batteries (20-22) and supercapa...

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“…Up to now, huge efforts have been devoted to developing fl exible devices for different applications, such as tactile sensors, [ 3,4 ] molecular sensors and pH sensors, [ 5,6 ] actuators, [ 7,8 ] photodetectors, [ 9,10 ] solar cells, [ 11,12 ] piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators, [ 13,14 ] and other fl exible systems. [ 15 ] However, such wearable and skin-like systems need to be selfpowered and the development of stretchable energy storage devices still remains very challenging.Following this target, fl exible supercapacitors have often been proposed in the past decade as a valuable alternative to standard capacitors and batteries. Supercapacitors feature a fast charge/discharge capacity, long lifecycle, wide range of operating temperatures, and safety.…”

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A Highly Stretchable Supercapacitor Using Laser‐Induced Graphene Electrodes onto Elastomeric Substrate

Lamberti

Clerici

Fontana

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

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(polyimide and polyetherimide) [ 20 ] that cannot provide the suitable mechanical properties required for stretchable energystorage devices.Herein we report a simple method to transfer the LIG porous layer obtained onto polyimide sheet to a transparent and elastomeric substrate such as PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane). Morphology and chemical-physical properties of the obtained material were deeply characterized by electron microscopy investigation, contact angle measurements and vibrational spectroscopy analysis. The as-fabricated electrodes were assembled into symmetric electrical double-layer supercapacitors and, thanks to the intrinsic mechanical properties of PDMS, the retention of energy-storage performance under bending and stretching conditions was demonstrated.The fabrication process of the LIG/PDMS electrodes is described in the experimental section (see also Supporting Information) and schematically represented in Figure 1 a-d: porous LIG pattern was obtained by a direct writing of polyimide sheet using a nanosecond CO 2 laser (a); afterward the PDMS was poured onto the written sample and the air was evacuated by a vacuum step in order to allow the full infi ltration of PDMS into the 3D network (b); after a thermal curing at 80 °C for 1 h the LIG/PDMS slide was manually peeled off from the polyimide sheet (c,d). The resulting composite material take advantage of the unique mechanical properties typical of elastomers (Figure 1 e) and of the good electrical conductivity and high surface area intrinsically present in LIG structures. Figure 1 f,g show the transparency of a logo pattern written on polyimide foil and then transferred onto PDMS slice respectively. The preservation of the electric conduction was tested by using LIG/PDMS composite to close a circuit (powering a green LED) as shown in Figure 1 h and by electrical measurements. Current-voltage characteristics shown in Figure S1 (Supporting Information) were recorded on the LIG/PDMS sample subjected to stretching in the range 0%-50%, confi rming the good maintenance of electrical properties.FESEM characterization was used to assess the morphology of the LIG sample before and after transfer onto PDMS substrate. Figure 2 a,b show the characteristic 3D foam-like structure of the laser-written LIG sample, which is composed of multilayer graphene walls. The holey foam-like structure, which is a result of the emission of gases during the irradiation process, [ 20,21 ] is actually well suited for both infi ltration with PDMS and impregnation with the electrolyte for supercapacitor application. Figure 2 c presents a cross-sectional view of a LIG sample after it is successfully transferred onto a PDMS substrate through the cast-and-peel process. Thanks to the effective infi ltration of PDMS, the LIG shows good adhesion to the underlying fl exible substrate. Moreover, as shown in Figure 2 d-f, a 3D structure of interconnected multilayer The fi eld of wearable electronics has been evolving very rapidly in the last few years due to the increasing demand for fl exi...

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Miniaturized Flexible Electronic Systems with Wireless Power and Near‐Field Communication Capabilities

Cited by 163 publications

References 14 publications

A skin-attachable, stretchable integrated system based on liquid GaInSn for wireless human motion monitoring with multi-site sensing capabilities

A skin-attachable, stretchable integrated system based on liquid GaInSn for wireless human motion monitoring with multi-site sensing capabilities

Soft, thin skin-mounted power management systems and their use in wireless thermography

A Highly Stretchable Supercapacitor Using Laser‐Induced Graphene Electrodes onto Elastomeric Substrate

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