Miniaturized Reference Electrodes Based on Ag/AgiX Internal Reference Elements. I. Manufacturing and Performance

Towards a Transparent, Highly Conductive Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)

“…The working electrode was a freshly polished platinum disk (0.03 cm 2 active area), the counter electrode was a platinum wire, and the reference electrode was a Ag/ AgCl miniaturized reference electrode (MRE) fabricated according to literature procedures [39]. Prior to measurement, the working electrode was polished with alumina, sonicated in deionized water, and rinsed with n-butanol, and the reference electrode was conditioned in the electrolyte (0.1 LiClO 4 in n-butanol) for 10 min.…”

Nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4): A possible candidate material as reference electrode for corrosion monitoring of steel in concrete environments

“…It is well known that the most common reference electrodes are based on calomel, on sulfates and on Ag/AgCl, where the latter clearly exhibit superior characteristics regarding the miniaturization possibilities [6][7][8][9][10]. The use of polymers [11][12][13][14][15], membranes [16] instead of water to immobilize the chloride ions. Recently MnO 2 were reported as a best sensor electrode in concrete environments [17][18][19].…”

Study on wafer-level packaging and electrochemical characterization of planar AgCl micro reference electrode

“…On the other hand, various non-silicon-based (e.g. conventional glass tube-based and PDMS-based) miniaturized reference electrodes (MREs) have been continuously developed in the last decade and performed very good electrochemical characteristics [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. The physical size of MREs is about tenfold more than that of JlREs and their fabrication processes are not compatible with the silicon-based microfabrication technology, which limits their integration with electronic circuits and the development of system-on-a-chip (SOC).…”