Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy

Karanfilian, Briette; Park, Taeyang; Senatore, Frank; Rustgi, Vinod K.

doi:10.1016/j.cld.2020.01.012

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In addition, the elevated serum S100B is an early marker of BBB disruption which might be prior to neuronal damage and can potentially affect therapeutic effects; this can be explained by the fact that astrocytes form part of the BBB and its increased permeability during hepatic encephalopathy (HE) due to acute liver failure can be partially correlated to impaired astrocytic functions (Kanner et al 2003). S100B is reported as a surrogate marker for diagnosing the mild cognitive impairment in cirrhotic patients prior to their advancement to HE (Saleh et al 2007), and MHE is the mildest stage of HE (Karanfilian et al 2020). Therefore, we hypothesized that over-expression of S100B occurred in MHE.…”

Section: Ym Task Y-maze Taskbackgroundmentioning

confidence: 97%

Autocrine S100B in astrocytes promotes VEGF-dependent inflammation and oxidative stress and causes impaired neuroprotection

Ding

Wang

et al. 2021

Cell Biol Toxicol

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rat model. We discovered that S100B expressions and autocrine were significantly increased in MHE rat brains and MHE rat brain-derived astrocytes. Furthermore, S100B stimulates VEGF expression via the interaction between TLR2 and RAGE in an autocrine manner. S100B-facilitated VEGF autocrine expression further led to a VEGFR2 and COX-2 interaction, which in turn induced the activation of NFƙB, eventually resulting in inflammation and oxidative stress in MHE astrocytes. MHE astrocytes supported impairment of neuronal survival and growth in a co-culture system. To sum up, a comprehensive understanding of the role of S100B-overexpressed MHE astrocyte in MHE pathogenesis may provide insights into the etiology of MHE.

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Section: Ym Task Y-maze Taskbackgroundmentioning

confidence: 97%

Autocrine S100B in astrocytes promotes VEGF-dependent inflammation and oxidative stress and causes impaired neuroprotection

Ding

Wang

et al. 2021

Cell Biol Toxicol

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“…What both terms have in common is that they refer to disturbances in the brain’s function. However, delirium is clinical, usually more acute disease entity that requires a rapid clinical response, whereas the disease entity encephalopathy, as is its nature, tends to develop slowly and sometimes only reveals subtle abnormalities, as in hepatic encephalopathy ( Wijdicks, 2016 ; Karanfilian et al, 2020 ) or drug-induced encephalopathy ( Hansen, 2012 ) including antiepileptic-drug-induced encephalopathy ( Hansen et al, 2010 ). Moreover, encephalopathies can also designate chronic brain states such as epileptic encephalopathies (for review, see Palmer et al, 2021 ) often sharing a genetic cause and encompassing a broad spectrum of developmental electroclinical syndromes characterized by subtle seizures and intellectual disabilities (like those caused by epileptic encephalopathies associated with KCNT1 mutations) ( Ohba et al, 2015 ; Hansen et al, 2017 ).…”

Section: Functionality Of the Locus Coeruleus In Deliriummentioning

confidence: 99%

The Locus Coeruleus Noradrenaline System in Delirium

Hansen

Rediske

2021

Front. Aging Neurosci.

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Delirium is a brain state involving severe brain dysfunction affecting cognitive and attentional capacities. Our opinion statement review aims to elucidate the relationship between abnormal arousal and locus coeruleus (LC) activity in cognitive dysfunction and inattention in delirium states. We propose (1) that enhanced noradrenaline release caused by altered arousal in hyperactive delirium states leads to increased noradrenergic transmission within the LC and subcortical and cortical brain regions including the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, thus affecting how attention and cognition function. In hypoactive delirium states, however, we are presuming (2) that less arousal will cause the release of noradrenaline to diminish in the LC, followed by reduced noradrenergic transmission in cortical and subcortical brain areas concentrated within the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, leading to deficient attention and cognitive processing. Studies addressing the measurement of noradrenaline and its derivatives in biomaterial probes regarding delirium are also covered in this article. In conclusion, the LC-NA system plays a crucial role in generating delirium. Yet there have been no large-scale studies investigating biomarkers of noradrenaline to help us draw conclusions for improving delirium’s diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, and to better understand its pathogenesis.

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“…These types of analysis require specialised software and skills; therefore, they are not routinely used in clinics. [32] 94.0 79.0 91.0 Simple <5 min [42] SPTs CFF [43] 61.0 79.0 84.0 Intermediate [42] 5-15 min [42] This was a meta-analysis ICT [44] 87.0 77.0 90.…”

Section: Detection Of Changes In Brain Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Artificial Intelligence and Its Application to Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy Diagnosis

Gazda

Drotár

Dražilová

et al. 2021

JPM

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Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a brain dysfunction caused by liver insufficiency and/or portosystemic shunting. HE manifests as a spectrum of neurological or psychiatric abnormalities. Diagnosis of overt HE (OHE) is based on the typical clinical manifestation, but covert HE (CHE) has only very subtle clinical signs and minimal HE (MHE) is detected only by specialized time-consuming psychometric tests, for which there is still no universally accepted gold standard. Significant progress has been made in artificial intelligence and its application to medicine. In this review, we introduce how artificial intelligence has been used to diagnose minimal hepatic encephalopathy thus far, and we discuss its further potential in analyzing speech and handwriting data, which are probably the most accessible data for evaluating the cognitive state of the patient.

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Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy

Cited by 31 publications

References 32 publications

Autocrine S100B in astrocytes promotes VEGF-dependent inflammation and oxidative stress and causes impaired neuroprotection

Autocrine S100B in astrocytes promotes VEGF-dependent inflammation and oxidative stress and causes impaired neuroprotection

The Locus Coeruleus Noradrenaline System in Delirium

Artificial Intelligence and Its Application to Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy Diagnosis

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