Minimally Invasive Electrochemical Patch-Based Sensor System for Monitoring Glucose and Lactate in the Human Body—A Survey-Based Analysis of the End-User’s Perspective

Abstract

Background: Wearable electrochemical sensors that detect human biomarkers allow a comprehensive analysis of a person’s health condition. The “electronic smart patch system for wireless monitoring of molecular biomarkers for health care and well-being” (ELSAH) project aims to develop a minimally invasive sensor system that is capable of continuously monitoring glucose and lactate in the dermal interstitial fluid in real time. It is the objective of the present study to compare the intended ELSAH-patch specifications with the expectations and requirements of potential end-users at an early stage during the development phase. Methods: A questionnaire addressing different aspects of the ELSAH-patch was filled out by 383 respondents. Results: The participants stated a high general demand for such a system, and they would use the ELSAH-patch in different health care and physical fitness applications. The preferred terminal device for communication with the sensor would be the smartphone. An operating time of 24 hours would be sufficient for 55.8% of the users (95%-CI: 50.3–61.3%), while 43.5% of them (95%-CI: 38.0–48.9%) would prefer a lifetime of several days or more. The software should have a warning function, especially for critical health conditions. Since the measured personal data would be highly sensitive, the participants called for high standards for data security and privacy. Conclusion: In general, the participants’ responses on their expectations and requirements were well in line with the intended specifications of the ELSAH-patch system. However, certain technical aspects such as the lifetime, data security and accuracy require special attention during its development.

Sensitive Electrochemical Non-Enzymatic Detection of Glucose Based on Wireless Data Transmission

“…Several reports on microneedles (MNs) have been published in the past decade due to their attractive features such as being minimally invasive for painless sampling and micron-size dimensions limiting their penetration to the intradermal space, thanks to the MEMS fabrication technology [ 21 , 22 ]. To date, MNs have been used for transdermal drug delivery [ 23 ], insulin injection [ 24 ] and for sensing various analytes of clinical interest lactate [ 25 ], glucose [ 22 ], L-DOPA [ 26 ], glutamate [ 27 ] and cholesterol [ 28 ]. Recently, minimally invasive non-enzymatic glucose monitoring sensors based on porous metals have gained considerable research interest as alternatives for enzyme-based glucose sensors due to their direct electro-oxidation of glucose on the surface of MNs.…”

Scientific Developments and New Technological Trajectories in Sensor Research

“…These technologies have been utilized mainly for detection purposes, including biomarker detection for blood, glucose level, food mass, anti-body, genetic aspects, etc. [ 103 , 104 , 105 ]. We should also consider that the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic crisis has changed health systems and supported these technologies requiring a rapid detection by immunosensor of patients and their remote monitoring [ 106 ].…”

Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Healthy Adults—Possible Applications in Health Care, Wellness, and Sports

“…Novel devices currently under development analyze glucose in the ISF using a minimally invasive, microneedle-based technique with a needle penetration depth that is lower than that in conventional CGM devices [16]. Several reviews have already addressed the development of novel glucose-monitoring systems and describe the different measurement techniques in detail [2,3,7,17].…”