PURPOSE-We hypothesized that patients undergoing definitive surgery for chronic ulcerative colitis have reduced direct medical costs after, as compared with before, total proctocolectomy.METHODS-A population-based cohort who underwent proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis from 1988-2007 was identified using the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Total direct healthcare costs were estimated from an administrative database. The primary outcome was the observed cost difference between a 2-year period before surgery and the 2-year period after a surgery/recovery period (surgery+180 days). Statistical significance was assessed using paired t-tests and bootstrapping methods. Demographic data were presented as median (interquartile range) or frequency (proportion). Mean costs are reported in 2007 constant dollars.RESULTS-Sixty patients were Olmsted County, Minnesota residents at operation and for the entire period of obervation. Overall 40 patients (66%) were men, median age of 42 years (31-52), median colitis duration of 4 years (1-11). Operations included ileal-pouch anal anastomosis (n=45, mean cost of surgery/recovery period $50,530) or total proctocolectomy with Brooke ileostomy (n=15, mean cost of surgery/recovery period $39,309). In the pouch subgroup, direct medical costs on average were reduced by $9,296 (P<0.001, bootstrapped 95% CI: $324 to $15,628) in the 2-years after recovery. In the Brooke ileostomy subgroup, direct medical costs on average were reduced by $12,529 (P<0.001, bootstrapped 95% CI: $6467 to $18,688) in the 2-years after recovery.CONCLUSIONS-Surgery for chronic ulcerative colitis resulted in reduced direct costs in the 2-years after surgical recovery. These observations suggest that surgical intervention for ulcerative colitis is associated with long-term economic benefit.Correspondence and reprints to: Robert R. Cima, M.D., Associate Professor of Surgery, Mayo Clinic,