“…The challenge now is how to make the robots coordinate, in real-time, their numerous bodily degrees of freedom under unpredictable circumstances, including changes in the environment and unexpected physical damages to the robots' structure. Previous studies tackled this problem by using learning techniques (Bongard et al, 2006;Mahdavi and Bentley, 2006;Mostafa et al, 2010;Koos et al, 2013;Christensen et al, 2014;Ren et al, 2014;Rubio et al, 2018Rubio et al, , 2019Yen et al, 2018) and trial-and-error methods (Cully et al, 2015), however, the performance level of robots using these techniques is not satisfactory. Specifically, the previous robots could only adapt to predictable circumstances or required a considerably long adaptation time.…”