Minor and potentially toxic trace elements in milk and blood serum of dairy donkeys

Abstract

The aim of this trial was to study the concentration of Ti, V, As, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cd, Cs, and Pb in donkey milk and blood serum. One hundred twelve individual milk and blood serum samples were collected from 16 lactating donkeys (Martina-Franca-derived population; 6 to 12 yr old; 3 to 7 parities; average live weight 205.4kg; 32 to 58 d after foaling at the beginning of the trial) during a 3-mo-long experiment. The samples were analyzed for the aforementioned elements by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Feedstuff and drinking water were also analyzed for the investigated elements. Data were processed by ANOVA for repeated measures. Average milk concentrations (±SD) of Ti, Rb, Sr, Mo, Cs, and Pb were 77.3 (±7.7), 339.1 (±82.1), 881.7 (±270.4), 4.5 (±1.6), 0.49 (±0.09), and 3.2 (±2.7) μg/L, respectively. More than 80% of samples were below the limit of detection for V, As, and Cd in milk and for Cd, and Pb in blood serum. The lower bound calculated for milk V, As, and Cd was 0.03μg/L for the 3 elements, the upper bound was calculated at 0.23, 0.10, and 0.31μg/L and the maximum value was observed at 0.54, 0.15, and 0.51μg/L, respectively. The average milk concentrations of Ti, Rb, Sr, Mo, and Cs were 600, 458, 346, 16, and 294%, respectively, than those of blood serum. Yet, Cs concentrations were in the same order of magnitude in milk and serum. Moderate to strong positive and significant correlation coefficients were observed between milk and blood serum concentrations for Ti, Rb, Sr, and Cs. The effect of the stage of lactation was significant for all the investigated elements in milk and blood serum, but most of the elements showed only small changes or inconsistent trends, and only the concentrations of Rb and Sr showed decreasing trends both in milk and blood serum. The relationship between milk and blood serum element concentrations indicates that the mammary gland plays a role in determining the milk concentrations of Mo, Ti, Rb, Sr, Mo, and Cs. In the current experimental conditions, in agreement with the low levels in drinking water and feedstuff, donkey milk concentration of potentially toxic elements was very low and did not raise health concerns for human consumption.

Equine Milk Production and Valorization of Marginal Areas—A Review

“…Although the absolute values of Ca and P in equine milk are reported variable, and in average higher than in human milk, the Ca:P ratio is reported to be in average 1.3 and 1.72, respectively, for donkey and horse milk, while it accounts for 1.7 and 1.23 in human and bovine milk, respectively [31][32][33]. As a further dietary consideration, the mineral content of milk is not reported to be influenced by the maternal diet in mammalians, except for Se and I [34,35].…”

Effects of donkey milk on oxidative stress and inflammatory response

“…The important bioactive proteins and peptides in donkey milk have been explored in a recent review by Derdak et al (2020). Additionally, Note: Data adapted from: (Altomonte et al, 2019;Beghelli et al, 2011;Bilandžić et al, 2014;Claeys et al, 2014;Darragh & Lönnerdal, 2011;Fantuz et al, 2012Fantuz et al, , 2013Fantuz et al, , 2015Guo et al, 2007;Potortì et al, 2013;Uniacke-Lowe & Fox, 2011;Vincenzetti et al, 2017).…”

“… Data adapted from: (Altomonte et al., 2019; Beghelli et al., 2011; Bilandžić et al., 2014; Claeys et al., 2014; Darragh & Lönnerdal, 2011; Fantuz et al., 2012, 2013, 2015; Guo et al., 2007; Potortì et al., 2013; Uniacke‐Lowe & Fox, 2011; Vincenzetti et al., 2017). …”

Potential Hazards Associated with Raw Donkey Milk Consumption: A Review

“…When compared with published data on human milk, donkey milk generally showed similar or lower concentrations of V and Mo, higher values of Ti and Sr, and lower values of Cs and Rb. Compared with cow milk, donkey milk revealed similar or lower levels of Ti, lower V, Mo,Rb, and Cs levels, and higher leveles of Sr [62].…”