Minor elements in oil-field waters

Rittenhouse, Gordon; Fulton, Robert B.; Grabowski, Robert; Bernard, Joseph L.

doi:10.1016/0009-2541(69)90045-x

Cited by 52 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Results of sampling conducted by Kuipers et al (2004) showed that the characteristics of produced water varied among different sites and even between sites that were located in close proximity. Similar results were reported by Rittenhouse et al (1969), who analyzed 823 samples of produced water from different locations in the United States and Canada.…”

Section: Composition Of Produced Waterssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…When these compounds are present in produced water, individually or collectively, they can exert negative impacts on the (Veil et al 2004, Clark andVeil 2009). The concentration of metal ions in produced water has a complex relationship with the interactions between rocks and water (Rittenhouse et al 1969). Such concentrations and availability differ from one site to the next because the variations in age and geology of the formations from which petroleum or gas are extracted (Veil et al 2004).…”

Section: Composition Of Produced Watersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Produced Waters of the Oil Industry as an Alternative Water Source for Food Production

Martel-Valles

Foroughbakchk-Pournavab

Benavides-Mendoza

2016

Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie.

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Increased water demand for crop irrigation requires new water sources in the short term. One alternative may be unconventional ground water sources, such as produced waters that are pumped to the surface mixed with hydrocarbons in the process of drilling when extracted gas or oil. Such produced waters are confined to unproductive wells or used to maintain pressure in petroleum deposits. However, previous studies have highlighted the possibility of using these waters within the industrial sector as well as in the farming or forestry sectors. The objective of this review was to compile information about the origin, composition, actual and potential uses of produced waters from the oil industry, which might be useful in future research on this natural resource.Palabras clave: aguas congénitas, aguas de formación, irrigación RESUMEN El incremento en la demanda de agua para irrigación de cultivos requiere nuevas fuentes del recurso hídrico en el corto plazo. Una alternativa pueden ser las aguas subterráneas no convencionales, tal es el caso de las aguas producidas que son bombeadas a la superficie mezcladas con hidrocarburos en el proceso de perforación para la extracción de gas o petróleo. Por lo común, las aguas producidas generadas de esta manera se confinan en pozos no productivos o se utilizan para mantener la presión en los yacimientos de petróleo. Sin embargo, diversos estudios indican la posibilidad de utilizar dichas aguas en el sector industrial así como en los sectores agropecuario y forestal. El objetivo de la presente revisión fue recopilar información acerca del origen, composición, usos actuales y potenciales de las aguas producidas generadas por la industria extractora de petróleo, de utilidad en futuras investigaciones acerca de este recurso natural. REVISIÓN / REVIEWRev. Int. Contam.

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Section: Composition Of Produced Waterssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Composition Of Produced Watersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Produced Waters of the Oil Industry as an Alternative Water Source for Food Production

Martel-Valles

Foroughbakchk-Pournavab

Benavides-Mendoza

2016

Rev. Int. Contam. Ambie.

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“…Connate waters are also enriched in boron, with values that often exceed 350 mg/L (Rittenhouse et al, 1969) and B/Cl ratios that range from 5 × 10 −3 to 4 × 10 −2 . In thermal waters, which contain juvenile water boron is present at various concentrations and the ratio of B/Cl ranges from 2 × 10 −2 to 0.4 .…”

Section: Origin and Natural Boron Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable Isotope and Chloride, Boron Study for Tracing Sources of Boron Contamination in Groundwater: Boron Contents in Fresh and Thermal Water in Different Areas in Greece

Ḏotsika

Poutoukis

Michelot³

et al. 2006

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Boron is biologically an essential element but is toxic at high concentrations to plants (above approximately 1 mg/L in irrigation water) and probably to humans: The EU Drinking Water Directive fixes a threshold of 1 mg/L and the World Health Organisation (WHO) set a recommended limit at 0.3 mg/L now increased to 0.5 mg/L. Because of this potential toxicity and the need of implementation of EU regulation on national level, the study of the boron levels in both ground-and surface water is of great significance for water management.In Greece, a significant number of thermal, mineral and superficial water springs are found especially in Northern Greece, that present high boron values rendering such water unacceptable according to the European standards. Nevertheless, such ground waters or borehole water with high temperature and high boron content are used for irrigation and drinking purposes, and could therefore have an antagonistic effect on crop yield and health.In order to study the boron contamination and to elucidate the origin of B, we collected a number of hot and fresh water all over Greece. In all the water sampled, the boron concentration exceeds the limit of 0.3 mg/L, which is the former recommended WHO limit. Moreover, in the irrigation water examined, the boron concentration exceeds the value of 0.75 mg/L, which is the limit for sensitive plants (for plants of moderate and plants of high tolerance, these values vary between 0.75-3 and >3 mg/L respectively).In all cases, elevated boron could be attributed to natural sources, geothermal activity and/or seawater intrusion into the aquifers. This finding has important implications for water management: In a setting of high natural geochemical background values, source control of the pollution is not possible and water managers have to cope with a local to regional geochemical anomaly that implies boron specific water treatment or mixing with unpolluted resources to bring concentrations down.

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“…In saline formation waters, depletion or enrichment in bromide has been used to indicate respectively an association either with evaporites or with organic rich sediments in which bromine is typically enriched (Rittenhouse, 1967;Rittenhouse et al, 1969). There has been relatively little work carried out on bromine in dilute natural waters partly due to the difficulty of obtaining reliable data at low concentrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bromine geochemistry of british groundwaters

Edmunds

1996

Mineral. mag.

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The concentrations of Br in potable groundwaters in the United Kingdom range from 60 to 340 gg 1 --1. The occurrence of Br is described in terms of the Br/C1 weight ratio which enables small changes in bromide concentrations to be assessed in terms of salinity. Median values of Br/C1 in groundwaters range from 2.60 to 5.15 x 10 -3 compared with a sea water ratio of 3.47 x 10 -3. In recent shallow groundwaters the Br/C1 ratio is rather variable in response to a range of natural and anthropogenic inputs (marine and industrial aerosols, industrial and agricultural chemicals including road salt). Some slight enrichment in Br/Cl also occurs naturally during infiltration as a result of biogeochemical processes.Evolution of Br/C1 along groundwater flow lines reflects the sources of increasing salinity; either the influence of marine sedimentary formations or evaporites. The groundwaters in the Triassic sandstones of the English Midlands show significant Br depletion due to the evaporite source, in contrast to groundwaters in Cumbria. Br/C1 ratios in the Sherwood Sandstone of the East Midlands mainly reflect the natural input sources and can be used to help understand the palaeohydrology.

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Minor elements in oil-field waters

Cited by 52 publications

References 3 publications

Produced Waters of the Oil Industry as an Alternative Water Source for Food Production

Produced Waters of the Oil Industry as an Alternative Water Source for Food Production

Stable Isotope and Chloride, Boron Study for Tracing Sources of Boron Contamination in Groundwater: Boron Contents in Fresh and Thermal Water in Different Areas in Greece

Bromine geochemistry of british groundwaters

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