Minor physical anomalies in psychoses: associations with clinical and putative aetiological variables

McGrath, John J.; Os, Jim van; Hoyos, Carlos; Jones, Peter B.; Harvey, Ian; Murray, Robin M.

doi:10.1016/0920-9964(95)00016-x

Cited by 100 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Regarding case-control sex ratio, previous studies have reported either excess MPAs in male schizophrenics Akabaliev and Sivkov, 2003;Sivkov and Akabaliev, 2004), excess MPAs in female schizophrenics 1994b;Lal and Sharma, 1987) or no sex differences in MPA frequency McGrath et al, 1995;Akabaliev and Sivkov, 1998;Gourion et al, 2004a;2004b;Joo et al, 2005). The present meta-analysis results fail to support the contention that the gender composition of the case or control group relates to the magnitude of the observed case-control difference in total MPA score.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

“…In all regions the vast majority of individual study ORs were greater than one, indicating an increased frequency of MPAs in schizophrenia; in just over half (54%) of these cases the OR was statistically significant. Three studies reported ORs less than one: Green et al (1989) for eyes, McGrath et al (1995) for ears and mouth and Lawrie et al (2001) for ears, mouth and hands. However, none of these ORs were significantly different from one.…”

Section: Regional Mpa Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, none of these ORs were significantly different from one. An OR for the head region for McGrath et al (1995) could not be calculated because the authors did not include any anomalies from this region in their analysis. Each of the six anatomical regions (head, eyes, ears, mouth, hands, and feet) had a pooled effect size significantly greater than one (p < 0.05).…”

Section: Regional Mpa Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this analysis, a total of seven studies could be included McGrath et al, 1995;Lawrie et al, 2001;Hata et al, 2003a;Sivkov and Akebaliev, 2003;Gourion et al, 2004a) because they were the only studies that provided raw counts for MPAs. Per region odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for each study in the following manner:…”

Section: 22mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis

Weinberg

Jenkins

Marazita

et al. 2007

Schizophrenia Research

112

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Numerous studies report an increased frequency of minor physical anomalies (MPAs) in schizophrenic individuals compared with controls. However, these studies vary considerably regarding the magnitude of the case-control disparity and the topographical distribution of the anomalies. A meta-analysis was carried out on the existing MPA literature in an effort to better understand the relationship between MPAs and schizophrenia. Following a literature search, 13 studies were identified that met our inclusion criteria. Mean total MPA scores were available for 11 of these studies, whereas only seven studies provided regional MPA scores. For both the total MPA and regional MPA analyses, pooled effect sizes (Hedges' g and pooled odds ratios, respectively) were calculated along with tests of heterogeneity. For the total MPA analyses, a meta-regression approach was used to explore the relationship between possible moderator variables (e.g., number of MPA scale items) and effect size heterogeneity. The magnitude of the pooled effect size for the total MPA scores was high (1.131; p < 0.001), indicating significantly more overall MPAs in schizophrenic individuals. Significant effect size heterogeneity was present (p < 0.001); however, this heterogeneity could not be explained by any of the included moderator variables. The regional MPA analysis revealed significantly increased MPAs in all six anatomical regions (p < 0.05), although the pooled odds ratios for these regions did not differ significantly from one another. These results suggest a lack of regional specificity for MPAs in schizophrenia.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 56%

Section: Regional Mpa Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Regional Mpa Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: 22mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis

Weinberg

Jenkins

Marazita

et al. 2007

Schizophrenia Research

112

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“…Once formed, minor physical abnormalities persist into adulthood and can be measured reliably upon © 2011 Medical University Plovdiv visual examination of a particular body region. A higher frequency of MPA was established in autism, hyperactivity, epilepsy, mental retardation, impaired motor coordination 7 , attention defi cit disorder, fetal alcohol syndrome, cerebral palsy and schizophrenia 8,9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomarker Profile of Minor Physical Anomalies in Schizophrenia Patients

Akabaliev

Sivkov²,

Mantarkov³

et al. 2011

Folia Medica

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AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and topographical distribution of minor physical anomalies (MPAs) in schizophrenia patients and control subjects, and the ability of the items of the Waldrop scale to predict the patient-control status. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 128 schizophrenic patients (66 men, 62 women) and 103 normal controls (49 men, 54 women) were evaluated for MPAs with a modifi ed version of the Waldrop scale. RESULTS: Compared with controls, schizophrenia patients showed a higher incidence of almost all studied MPAs, differences being statistically signifi cant for 12 items: fi ne electric hair, abnormal hair whorls, epicanthus, adherent ear-lobes, lower edges of the ears extending backward/upward, malformed ears, asymmetrical ears, high/arched palate, furrowed tongue, smooth/rough spots on the tongue, III toe ≥ II toe, big gap between I and II toe. Some anomalies occurred with almost equal frequency in schizophrenic patients and controls, while others were more than 10 times more common in patients (odds ratio: 0.62 -10.55). The distribution frequency of MPAs in schizophrenia tended to increase in the cranial direction. Nine predictor MPA biomarkers successfully distinguished 81.10% of patients, 81.55% of controls, and 81.30% of all examined subjects. CONCLUSIONS: The elevated incidence of MPA biomarkers in schizophrenia patients implies impaired neurodevelopment that increases the risk for the development of schizophrenia. The pattern of changes in the morphological characteristics suggests they may be a random outcome of a general neurodevelopmental defect or may refl ect different neurodevelopmental defects that allow better characterization of schizophrenia patients subgroups.

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