Mirror Therapy as an Alternative Treatment for Phantom Limb Pain: A Short Literature Review

Immersive Low-Cost Virtual Reality Treatment for Phantom Limb Pain: Evidence from Two Cases

“…Sensory discrimination therapy uses tactile perception tasks presented at the residual limb to provide inputs from the amputated area and may reverse the cortical reorganization that is generating the pain ( 28 , 31 ). The mirror box technique has also proven to be successful in reducing pain for some individuals ( 32 , 33 ). In this intervention, a mirror is placed at the subject’s midline, and the subject watches the normal limb in the mirror while attempting to move both limbs in synchrony ( 34 ).…”

Aromatherapy massage: a promising non-pharmacological adjuvant treatment for osteoarthritis knee pain

“…Unfortunately, using pharmacological treatments such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitors, as a mainstay for pain control in knee OA, is not without adverse effects [2]. It is believed that using the combination of non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic approaches for pain management in patients with knee OA could help to prevent or mitigate adverse events induced by analgesic drugs, while providing therapeutic benefit [3,4].…”

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Phantom Limb Pain: Probably Effective but Understudied

“…Quality of life can be severely impaired in patients with PLP since its treatment is difficult and usually responds poorly to conventional pain therapeutic approaches (2). Regardless of the pharmacological and non-pharmacological advances for the treatment of PLP, this condition is still a major challenge (3).…”