Misuse of androgenic-anabolic steroids and human deltoid muscle fibers: differences between polydrug regimens and single drug administration

Hartgens, Fred; Straaten, H. W. M. van; Fideldij, S.; Rietjens, Gerard; Keizer, H. A.; Kuipers, H.

doi:10.1007/s00421-001-0535-7

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Androgen-mediated increases in muscle mass in humans are associated with increased muscle fiber diameter (Marin et al 1992, Hartgens et al 2002, Ustunel et al 2003. However, in laboratory mice and rats, we do not typically see alterations in myofiber size in limb muscles following androgen manipulations (Monks et al 2004, Johansen et al 2009, although perineal muscles such as the levator ani do show marked reductions in myofiber size following androgen deprivation (Monks et al 2004, which is associated with myofibril disassembly (Venable 1966).…”

Section: Anabolism Of Myofibrilsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Subcellular effects of myocyte-specific androgen receptor overexpression in mice

Musa

Fernando

Chatterjee

et al. 2011

Journal of Endocrinology

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Although androgen receptor (AR) within myocytes is thought to mediate many of the effects of testosterone and other androgens on skeletal muscle, little is known about the functions of AR within these cells. We, therefore, studied the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle of HSA-AR transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress AR selectively in myocytes and exhibit neuromuscular atrophy. We examined male HSA-AR mice from two different founding lines: L78 (lower copy number and less severe phenotype) and L141 (higher copy number and more severe phenotype) and compared these to wild-type (Wt) brothers. We also examined testosterone-treated female mice from these two lines and compared them both to their Wt sisters and to vehicle-treated controls. Ultrastructural examination of extensor digitorum longus sections using transmission electron microscopy revealed remarkably disorganized myofibrils in male Tg and testosterone-treated female Tg mice. Quantification of ultrastructural pathology indicated reduced myofibril width, hypertrophic and hyperplastic intermyofibrillar mitochondria, and pronounced glycogen accumulation in HSA-AR males of both lines. Reduced myofibrillar width and increases in mitochondrial number, size, and volume density were also observed in testosterone-treated HSA-AR females, although glycogen accumulation was not observed. Structural abnormalities in mitochondria were also associated with increases in electron transport chain activity and systemic resting metabolic rate, indicative of hypermetabolism. We find that overexpression of AR in myocytes of HSA-AR mice results in alterations in myofibrils, mitochondria, and glycogen. Alterations in myofibrils and mitochondria appear to result from acute actions of testosterone, whereas those on glycogen do not. Pathology of myofibrils and/or mitochondria may, therefore, mediate in part the neuromuscular atrophy observed in HSA-AR mice.

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Section: Anabolism Of Myofibrilsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Subcellular effects of myocyte-specific androgen receptor overexpression in mice

Musa

Fernando

Chatterjee

et al. 2011

Journal of Endocrinology

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“…Outra limitação é que, pela natureza do desenho experimental, há uma combinação de diversas drogas e dosagens. Hartgens et al (2002) 14 verificaram o efeito da utilização isolada de 200 mg/semana de nandrolona e de um "coquetel" auto-administrado com dosagem supraterapêuti-ca, num período de oito semanas. Enquanto não houve aumento na AST das fibras do grupo com nandrolona, um aumento médio de 12,6% (10,8% para tipo I e 14,6% para tipo II) foi observado no grupo que auto-administrou o coquetel.…”

Section: Alterações Morfológicasunclassified

Efeitos dos hormônios anabólicos sobre a estrutura, metabolismo e função do músculo esquelético

Pires

Lima‐Silva

Tricoli

2011

Rev. Bras. Cineantropom. Desempenho Hum.

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Resumo -Este estudo revisou evidências acerca dos efeitos do uso de hormônios anabólicos nos ganhos de força e hipertrofia muscular, abordando os aspectos estruturais, metabólicos e funcionais pelos quais estes hormônios podem potencializar o ganho de força. Atenção especial foi dada ao efeito da dosagem. Foram selecionados estudos por critério de relevância, publicados nos últimos 15 anos, acessados pela base Pubmed. A administração de testosterona (TE) em doses elevadas (~600 mg/semana) potencializa os efeitos do treinamento de força (TF), promovendo aumento na massa muscular magra, na área de secção transversa das fibras do tipo IIA e IIB, e no número de mionúcleos. Interconversão entre as isoformas da MHC não são evidentes. A interação entre administração de TE e TF também parece modificar algumas vias metabólicas, elevando a síntese protéica, os estoques musculares de ATP-CP e glicogênio, com maior mobilização de gordura. Modificações nas concentrações de 17β-Estradiol, ou nas relações ACTH-Cortisol e insulina-glucagon, parecem estar envolvidas nestas alterações metabólicas. Com relação ao desempenho físico, a administração de TE pode aumentar os ganhos em força entre 5% e 20%, com variações dependentes da dosagem. De outro lado, a ação do hormônio de crescimento (GH) sobre os aspectos estruturais e funcionais é pouco evidente, e seus efeitos recaem mais sobre os aspectos metabólicos. Estudos com maior controle experimental são necessários para a determinação mais ampla dos efeitos dos hormônios anabólicos sobre aspectos estruturais, metabólicos ou funcionais, em humanos. Palavras-chave: Treinamento de força; Hipertrofia; Testosterona; Esteróides anabólicos androgênios. Abstract -This study reviewed information regarding the effects of anabolic hormones on

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“…The effect of AS on the human deltoid muscle, has been localised to an increase in size in the Type II muscle fibres [31] and this complements earlier studies showing that, at least in mammals, testosterone differentially increases the size of slow twitch rather than fast twitch muscles [42,66]. As a generalisation, testosterone and therefore, probably all anabolic steroids, increase upper body muscle power more than lower body power, and increase maximal voluntary strength and leg power but have little effect on muscle fatigability or muscle tension [70].…”

Section: Ill Do Anabolic Steroids Work In Sport ?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The actions and side effects of Anabolic Steroids in sport and social abuse

George

2003

Androl.

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Anabolic steroids (AS) derived from testosterone have both anabolic (muscle and strength enhancing) and a n d r o g e n i c (primary and s e c o n d a r y sexual) effects. Efforts to limit the androgenic while enhancing the anabolic effects have not been successful. Alterations to the structure of testosterone, so as to improve the pharmacokinetics of AS, have resulted in drugs, which are orally active, have a longer plasma half life and may be administered as depot injections. Therapeutic doses of AS produce statistically significant effects on strength and athletic performance in well-controlled scientific and clinical trials. At low, therapeutic doses, diet and an intensive training regime are equally important in producing a statistically significant increase in strength. Higher doses 6-7000mg per week are regularly administered in sport and produce the greatest increases in muscle strength erythropoiesis and lean body mass. Patterns of steroid abuse can be complex, reflecting a desire to minimise side effects, and avoid detection. AS side effects are of many types. AS increase salt and water retention leading to an expansion of the blood volume, but effects of steroids on blood pressure are equivocal and most cardiovascular side effects appear to be reversible.Abuse of AS causes an increase in blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels and this is associated with a decline in High Density Lipoproteins (HDLs) and an increase in the Low Density (LDL) type. Though these effects are reversible they are associated with an increased risk of both acute and c h r o n i c c a r d i o v a s c u l a r p a t h o l o g y . The m o s t serious irreversible anabolic steroid side effects are associated with carcinomas -mainly of the liver, prostate and kidney. Hepatic carcinomas are strongly associated with abuse of the orally active 17alpha methyl substituted steroids, which also produce a reversible jaundice. In males, anabolic steroid abuse causes suppression of LH and FSH release leading to inhibition of testosterone production often accompanied by testicular atrophy, and azoospermia. High, chronic doses of the drugs may also cause moderate to severe feminising effects in the form of gynaecomastia. Male secondary sexual characteristics are a side effect of AS abuse in women. Increased insulin resistance and elevated fasting blood glucose levels are the commonest non-gonadal endocrine side effects of AS.AS abuse leads to contradictory, complex, behavioural, and psychiatric changes. Increased frequency of mental illness, in anabolic steroid abusers including paranoid schizophrenia, mania and d e p r e s s i o n has been r e p o r t e d . P h y s i c a l and psychological dependency occur amongst some anabolic steroid abusers and severe psychiatric disorders can appear upon withdrawal, leading in a few cases to criminality and even suicide. We need more studies on the long-term effects of AS. The implications of the past 50 years of AS abuse will be discussed in the review.

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Misuse of androgenic-anabolic steroids and human deltoid muscle fibers: differences between polydrug regimens and single drug administration

Cited by 23 publications

References 25 publications

Subcellular effects of myocyte-specific androgen receptor overexpression in mice

Subcellular effects of myocyte-specific androgen receptor overexpression in mice

Efeitos dos hormônios anabólicos sobre a estrutura, metabolismo e função do músculo esquelético

The actions and side effects of Anabolic Steroids in sport and social abuse

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