Mitigation of arsenic in rice grains by polishing and washing: Evidencing the benefit and the cost

Pedron, Tatiana; Segura, Fabiana Roberta; Paniz, Fernanda Pollo; Souza, Felipe de; Santos, Mauro C.; Júnior, Ariano Martins de Magalhães; Batista, Bruno Lemos

doi:10.1016/j.jcs.2019.03.003

Cited by 25 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Pedron et al [ 88 ] evaluated polishing and washing rice for potential implementation in the food industry. Polishing the grain removed 13–54% of total arsenic, depending on the duration of the polishing, which ranged from 20 s to 60 s. In the case of brown rice, washing the grains removed approximately 38.8% of total arsenic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic in Rice in Brazil: A Human Health Risk Assessment

Toledo

Lee

Batista

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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In certain populations, rice is the main source of exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), which is associated with cancer and non-cancer effects. Although rice is a staple food in Brazil, there have been few studies about the health risks for the Brazilian population. The objective of this study was to assess the risks of exposure to iAs from white rice and brown rice in Brazil, in terms of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects, and to propose measures to mitigate those risks. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) were calculated in a probabilistic framework. The mean ILCR was 1.5 × 10−4 for white rice and 6.0 × 10−6 for brown rice. The HQ for white and brown rice was under 1. The ILCR for white and brown rice was high, even though the iAs concentration in rice is below the maximum contaminant level. The risk for brown rice consumption was lower, which was not expected. Various mitigation measures discussed in this report are estimated to reduce the risk from rice consumption by 5–67%. With the support of public policies, measures to reduce these risks for the Brazilian population would have a positive impact on public health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jo and Todorov [ 59 ] found that polishing brown rice can remove 16–33% of iAs. However, these practices are known to reduce some nutrients, as reported by Pedron et al [ 88 ], who found that washing and polishing rice reduced the concentrations of nutrients (manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, and selenium) by 33–95%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic in Rice in Brazil: A Human Health Risk Assessment

Toledo

Lee

Batista

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…The advantage of most physical methods such as radiation, high-pressure treatments, and pulsed electric field lies is their advantageous toxicological safety properties [141,142]. However, meanwhile, thermal treatments, sorting, and dehulling may decrease other food risks including microbiological contaminations, pesticide residues, and toxic elements [143][144][145], they can also result in significant losses in nutrients [91,143]. Therefore, holistic approaches should be used to test the toxicological and nutritional consequences of treatments and the effects of sample matrices, since the efficiencies of physical methods are strongly dependent on the materials to be decontaminated and the application conditions [34,41,49,58].…”

Section: Potentials and Challenges Of Upscaling Experimental Detoxifying Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical and Chemical Methods for Reduction in Aflatoxin Content of Feed and Food

Sípos

Peles

Brassó

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Aflatoxins (AFs) are among the most harmful fungal secondary metabolites imposing serious health risks on both household animals and humans. The more frequent occurrence of aflatoxins in the feed and food chain is clearly foreseeable as a consequence of the extreme weather conditions recorded most recently worldwide. Furthermore, production parameters, such as unadjusted variety use and improper cultural practices, can also increase the incidence of contamination. In current aflatoxin control measures, emphasis is put on prevention including a plethora of pre-harvest methods, introduced to control Aspergillus infestations and to avoid the deleterious effects of aflatoxins on public health. Nevertheless, the continuous evaluation and improvement of post-harvest methods to combat these hazardous secondary metabolites are also required. Already in-use and emerging physical methods, such as pulsed electric fields and other nonthermal treatments as well as interventions with chemical agents such as acids, enzymes, gases, and absorbents in animal husbandry have been demonstrated as effective in reducing mycotoxins in feed and food. Although most of them have no disadvantageous effect either on nutritional properties or food safety, further research is needed to ensure the expected efficacy. Nevertheless, we can envisage the rapid spread of these easy-to-use, cost-effective, and safe post-harvest tools during storage and food processing.

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“…It has been clearly demonstrated that inorganic arsenic may lead to a plethora of pathological conditions [ 151 , 152 , 153 , 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 ]. Polishing and rinsing before cooking and boiling with excess water which is then discarded lead to an efficient reduction of arsenic but, at the same time, also to the aforementioned losses of vitamin B 1 [ 149 , 150 , 151 , 156 , 158 , 163 , 164 , 165 , 166 , 167 , 168 , 169 ]. In fact, in respect of arsenic, resulting recommendations on preparation and consumption of rice lately prefer a safety point of view to the nutritional one, especially in some population groups, such as infants and toddlers [ 151 , 154 , 156 ].…”

Section: Thiamine—vitamin Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Properties of Vitamins of the B-Complex, Part 1: Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5

et al. 2022

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This review summarizes the current knowledge on essential vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5. These B-complex vitamins must be taken from diet, with the exception of vitamin B3, that can also be synthetized from amino acid tryptophan. All of these vitamins are water soluble, which determines their main properties, namely: they are partly lost when food is washed or boiled since they migrate to the water; the requirement of membrane transporters for their permeation into the cells; and their safety since any excess is rapidly eliminated via the kidney. The therapeutic use of B-complex vitamins is mostly limited to hypovitaminoses or similar conditions, but, as they are generally very safe, they have also been examined in other pathological conditions. Nicotinic acid, a form of vitamin B3, is the only exception because it is a known hypolipidemic agent in gram doses. The article also sums up: (i) the current methods for detection of the vitamins of the B-complex in biological fluids; (ii) the food and other sources of these vitamins including the effect of common processing and storage methods on their content; and (iii) their physiological function.

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Mitigation of arsenic in rice grains by polishing and washing: Evidencing the benefit and the cost

Cited by 25 publications

References 23 publications

Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic in Rice in Brazil: A Human Health Risk Assessment

Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic in Rice in Brazil: A Human Health Risk Assessment

Physical and Chemical Methods for Reduction in Aflatoxin Content of Feed and Food

Biological Properties of Vitamins of the B-Complex, Part 1: Vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B5

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