Mitigation Strategies for Cadmium and Arsenic in Rice

Arao, Tomohito

doi:10.1007/978-981-13-3630-0_10

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…One of the major routes for cadmium exposure in humans is through rice consumption [33]. For this reason, flooding rice fields at harvest time is recommended as a water management strategy for reducing Cd accumulation in rice, especially in Japan, in areas where there is soil contamination of Cd; this strategy may, however, increase As accumulation in rice [34,35]. Cd presents specific hydrochemical characteristics, causing its potential mobility in groundwater.…”

Section: Exposure To Cadmium and Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity

Genchi

Sinicropi

Lauria

et al. 2020

IJERPH

1,604

602

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Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic non-essential transition metal that poses a health risk for both humans and animals. It is naturally occurring in the environment as a pollutant that is derived from agricultural and industrial sources. Exposure to cadmium primarily occurs through the ingestion of contaminated food and water and, to a significant extent, through inhalation and cigarette smoking. Cadmium accumulates in plants and animals with a long half-life of about 25–30 years. Epidemiological data suggest that occupational and environmental cadmium exposure may be related to various types of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate, nasopharynx, pancreas, and kidney cancers. It has been also demonstrated that environmental cadmium may be a risk factor for osteoporosis. The liver and kidneys are extremely sensitive to cadmium’s toxic effects. This may be due to the ability of these tissues to synthesize metallothioneins (MT), which are Cd-inducible proteins that protect the cell by tightly binding the toxic cadmium ions. The oxidative stress induced by this xenobiotic may be one of the mechanisms responsible for several liver and kidney diseases. Mitochondria damage is highly plausible given that these organelles play a crucial role in the formation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and are known to be among the key intracellular targets for cadmium. When mitochondria become dysfunctional after exposure to Cd, they produce less energy (ATP) and more ROS. Recent studies show that cadmium induces various epigenetic changes in mammalian cells, both in vivo and in vitro, causing pathogenic risks and the development of various types of cancers. The epigenetics present themselves as chemical modifications of DNA and histones that alter the chromatin without changing the sequence of the DNA nucleotide. DNA methyltransferase, histone acetyltransferase, histone deacetylase and histone methyltransferase, and micro RNA are involved in the epigenetic changes. Recently, investigations of the capability of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), and river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) to remove cadmium from polluted soil and water have been carried out. Moreover, nanoparticles of TiO2 and Al2O3 have been used to efficiently remove cadmium from wastewater and soil. Finally, microbial fermentation has been studied as a promising method for removing cadmium from food. This review provides an update on the effects of Cd exposure on human health, focusing on the cellular and molecular alterations involved.

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Section: Exposure To Cadmium and Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity

Genchi

Sinicropi

Lauria

et al. 2020

IJERPH

1,604

602

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“…Unfortunately, however, the release of soluble Cd from insoluble CdS in the soil via the formation of CdSO 4 is facilitated under the oxidizing conditions and suppressed under the reducing conditions (47,49). This opposite behavior of As and Cd depending on environmental conditions produces a trade-off problem in the mitigation strategy against metal contaminations of rice.…”

Section: Absorptions Of As Via Si Transporter In Rice and Its Trade-omentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This opposite behavior of As and Cd depending on environmental conditions produces a trade-off problem in the mitigation strategy against metal contaminations of rice. Especially in Japan, flooding rice fields at harvest time is recommended as a water management strategy for reducing Cd accumulation in rice in areas where there is soil contamination of Cd (49,50); this strategy may, however, increase As accumulation in rice. Since the Codex Alimentarius Commission of FAO/WHO has recommended that iAs concentration in polished rice grains be less than 0.2 mg/kg (51), a solution for this trade-off problem is urgently needed, especially in areas where soil Cd contamination is detected.…”

Section: Absorptions Of As Via Si Transporter In Rice and Its Trade-omentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicometallomics of Cadmium, Manganese and Arsenic with Special Reference to the Roles of Metal Transporters

2019

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The transport systems for metals play crucial roles in both the physiological functions of essential metals and the toxic effects of hazardous metals in mammals and plants. In mammalian cells, Zn transporters such as ZIP8 and ZIP14 have been found to function as the transporters for Mn(II) and Cd(II), contributing to the maintenance of Mn homeostasis and metallothionein-independent transports of Cd, respectively. In rice, the Mn transporter OsNramp5 expressed in the root is used for the uptake of Cd from the soil. Japan began to cultivate OsNramp5 mutant rice, which was found to accumulate little Cd, to prevent Cd accumulation. Inorganic trivalent arsenic (As(III)) is absorbed into mammalian cells via aquaglyceroporin, a water and glycerol channel. The ortholog of aquaporin in rice, OsLsi1, was found to be an Si transporter expressed in rice root, and is responsible for the absorption of soil As(III) into the root. Since rice is a hyperaccumulator of Si, higher amounts of As(III) are incorporated into rice compared to other plants. Thus, the transporters of essential metals are also utilized to incorporate toxic metals in both mammals and plants, and understanding the mechanisms of metal transports is important for the development of mitigation strategies against food contamination.

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“…Occupational exposure, particularly in industries involving cadmium processing, battery manufacturing, and welding, has been linked to an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (Baloch et al, 2020). Additionally, cadmium-contaminated diets, such as rice and shellfish from polluted areas, have been shown to contribute to elevated cadmium levels in the kidneys and an increased risk of kidney dysfunction (Arao et al, 2019;Simmons et al, 2005;Wang et al, 2019). Several biomarkers have been identified and utilized to assess cadmium-induced renal damage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nephroprotective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Loranthus micranthus Linn Leaf Against Cadmium-Induced Kidney Toxicity in Male Rats

Ebhohon,

Asoya,

Okwor

et al. 2024

jobasr

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Cadmium is a heavy metal widely distributed in the environment due to anthropogenic activities, such as industrial processes, mining, and agricultural practices. Exposure to cadmium has been associated with various adverse health effects, particularly on the kidneys. The kidneys are major target organs for cadmium toxicity, as the metal tends to accumulate in renal tissues, leading to nephrotoxicity and impaired renal function.This study aims to evaluate the potential nephroprotective effects of the aqueous extract of Loranthus micranthus Linn leaf against cadmium-induced kidney toxicity in a rat model. Twenty-four male rats were divided into four groups: Group 1 served as the normal control and received no treatment. Group 2 was exposed to cadmium toxicity, receiving 2 mg/kg body weight of cadmium intraperitoneally daily. Group 3 received 150 mg/kg body weight of the extract daily. Group 4 received 2 mg/kg body weight of cadmium intraperitoneally, followed by a daily administration of 150mg/kg body weight of the extract. This experiment was carried out for a period of 28 days. Biochemical alterations in serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, total protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed as markers of kidney function and oxidative stress. Additionally, ultrastructural changes in the kidneys of the experimental animals were evaluated using electron microscopy. The study revealed significant biochemical alterations in markers of kidney function and oxidative stress in rats exposed to cadmium-induced kidney toxicity. Treatment with the extract attenuated these biochemical changes, indicating potential nephroprotective effects. Furthermore, ultrastructural changes observed in the kidneys of cadmium-exposed rats were ameliorated by treatment with the extract. The findings of this study suggest that the extract possesses potential nephroprotective effects against cadmium-induced kidney toxicity. Further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms of action and explore the therapeutic potential of these natural compounds in managing kidney-related disorders.

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Mitigation Strategies for Cadmium and Arsenic in Rice

Cited by 7 publications

References 43 publications

The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity

The Effects of Cadmium Toxicity

Toxicometallomics of Cadmium, Manganese and Arsenic with Special Reference to the Roles of Metal Transporters

Nephroprotective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Loranthus micranthus Linn Leaf Against Cadmium-Induced Kidney Toxicity in Male Rats

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