Mitochondria: transportation, distribution and function during spermiogenesis

Sun, Xiao; Yang, Wan-Xi

doi:10.4236/abb.2010.12014

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Importantly, although the expression of pro-apoptotic factors has not yet been reported in spermatids, mitochondria are nevertheless known to undergo major structural changes during spermiogenesis. While part of them move to the growing flagellum, other starts to aggregate, and are eventually eliminated by Sertoli cells via phagocytosis or autolysis [36]. It is therefore possible that mitochondrial endonuclease G is released during the autolytic destruction of the outer membrane during the chromatin-remodeling steps.…”

Section: Potential Mechanism For Dsbs Formation and Repairmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Instability and Chromatin Remodeling in Spermatids

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Desmarais

Lacombe-Burgoyne

et al. 2019

Genes

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The near complete replacement of somatic chromatin in spermatids is, perhaps, the most striking nuclear event known to the eukaryotic domain. The process is far from being fully understood, but research has nevertheless unraveled its complexity as an expression of histone variants and post-translational modifications that must be finely orchestrated to promote the DNA topological change and compaction provided by the deposition of protamines. That this major transition may not be genetically inert came from early observations that transient DNA strand breaks were detected in situ at chromatin remodeling steps. The potential for genetic instability was later emphasized by our demonstration that a significant number of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are formed and then repaired in the haploid context of spermatids. The detection of DNA breaks by 3′OH end labeling in the whole population of spermatids suggests that a reversible enzymatic process is involved, which differs from canonical apoptosis. We have set the stage for a better characterization of the genetic impact of this transition by showing that post-meiotic DNA fragmentation is conserved from human to yeast, and by providing tools for the initial mapping of the genome-wide DSB distribution in the mouse model. Hence, the molecular mechanism of post-meiotic DSB formation and repair in spermatids may prove to be a significant component of the well-known male mutation bias. Based on our recent observations and a survey of the literature, we propose that the chromatin remodeling in spermatids offers a proper context for the induction of de novo polymorphism and structural variations that can be transmitted to the next generation.

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Section: Potential Mechanism For Dsbs Formation and Repairmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Instability and Chromatin Remodeling in Spermatids

Cavé

Desmarais

Lacombe-Burgoyne

et al. 2019

Genes

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“…It is well known that the sperm midpiece consists of a mitochondrial helical sheath surrounding the axonemal complex and the nine outer dense fibers (Phillips, 1977;Zamboni, 1991). The mechanism involved in the mitochondrial sheath development, in turn, is not fully understood (Olson & Winfrey, 1986, 1990, 1992Sun & Yang, 2010). In bovine spermatozoa, the midpiece is composed of 64 gyres with 12 lm length.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disruption of bovine sperm functions in the presence of aplastic midpiece defect

et al. 2019

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Background: Bulls are of great importance in the productive chain and for this reason they should have a good semen quality. There is no doubt that sperm morphology is very important to bull fertility, although little is known about how exactly the abnormal morphologies may affect sperm functions. Objectives: To detail the morphological description of the aplastic midpiece defect (AMD), as well as to understand its consequences for male fertility based on membrane and acrosome status, mitochondrial membrane potential and DNA integrity parameters. Materials and methods: The bulls were divided into two groups: control, consisting of satisfactory potential breeders (n = 3); and AMD, consisting of unsatisfactory potential breeders with a high percentage of AMD (n = 3). Bulls were evaluated by the breeding soundness evaluation; five ejaculates were collected from each animal and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: Spermatozoa from AMD group exhibited lower sperm motility and vigor (p < 0.05). In addition, it also exhibited lower mitochondrial membrane potential (p < 0.05), a higher percentage of spermatozoa with DNA fragmentation (p < 0.05), lower acrosome and plasma membrane integrity (p < 0.05), and higher lipid bilayer sperm membrane disorganization (p < 0.05) in comparison with control bulls. Discussion: These findings may be due to oxidative stress and a reduction of the energy production capacity in addition to an alteration in the structural composition of the sperm cell. Moreover, semen with a high percentage of AMD may also be undergoing apoptosis. Conclusion: Bulls with a high percentage of AMD in their semen are not suitable for reproduction. Furthermore, it suggests there is a putative genetic basis for this sperm defect.

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“…The distribution of mitochondria during spermatogenesis in several animals, including (but not limited to) Mollusca [ 23 ], Arthropoda [ 24 ], Pisces [ 25 ], Reptile [ 26 ], and Mammalia [ 27 , 28 ], has been reported. In Octopus tankahkeei , the mitochondria are randomly distributed in the cytoplasm of early spermatids: some are polarized to the tail to form the midpiece, and some migrate to the top of the (eventual) sperm head and are discarded with the cytoplasm in the late stage of spermiogenesis [ 23 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Rattus norvegicus , mitochondria are distributed in the cell periphery in the Golgi phase, cap phase, and early acrosome phases of spermiogenesis and move to the flagellum in the late acrosome and early maturation phases. Finally, mitochondria are distributed along the outer dense fibers in the midpiece in the late maturation phase [ 27 ]. In P. esculenta , most mitochondria are distributed close to the nucleus and on the side of tail formation; in sperm, about six mitochondria, along with centrosomes, constitute the midpiece.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitochondrial Features and Expressions of MFN2 and DRP1 during Spermiogenesis in Phascolosoma esculenta

Gao

Feng

Tang

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Mitochondria can fuse or divide, a phenomenon known as mitochondrial dynamics, and their distribution within a cell changes according to the physiological status of the cell. However, the functions of mitochondrial dynamics during spermatogenesis in animals other than mammals and fruit flies are poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed mitochondrial distribution and morphology during spermiogenesis in Sipuncula (Phascolosoma esculenta) and investigated the expression dynamics of mitochondrial fusion-related protein MFN2 and fission-related protein DRP1 during spermiogenesis. The mitochondria, which were elliptic with abundant lamellar cristae, were mainly localized near the nucleus and distributed unilaterally in cells during most stages of spermiogenesis. Their major axis length, average diameter, cross-sectional area, and volume are significantly changed during spermiogenesis. mfn2 and drp1 mRNA and proteins were most highly expressed in coelomic fluid, a spermatid development site for male P. esculenta, and highly expressed in the breeding stage compared to in the non-breeding stage. MFN2 and DRP1 expression levels were higher in components with many spermatids than in spermatid-free components. Immunofluorescence revealed that MFN2 and DRP1 were consistently expressed and that MFN2 co-localizes with mitochondria during spermiogenesis. The results provide evidence for an important role of mitochondrial dynamics during spermiogenesis from morphology and molecular biology in P. esculenta, broadening insights into the role of mitochondrial dynamics in animal spermiogenesis.

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Mitochondria: transportation, distribution and function during spermiogenesis

Cited by 13 publications

References 93 publications

Genetic Instability and Chromatin Remodeling in Spermatids

Genetic Instability and Chromatin Remodeling in Spermatids

Disruption of bovine sperm functions in the presence of aplastic midpiece defect

Mitochondrial Features and Expressions of MFN2 and DRP1 during Spermiogenesis in Phascolosoma esculenta

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