Mitochondrial metabolism of glutamine and glutamate and its physiological significance.

Kovačević, Zoran; McGivan, J D

doi:10.1152/physrev.1983.63.2.547

Cited by 359 publications

(220 citation statements)

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“…There are no differences in luminal uptake between GLU liberated from proteins, natural free GLU and additive GLU. All GLU taken up is used for the diverse synthesis processes in intracellular compartments (Kovacevic and McGivan, 1983;Hundal et al, 1986;Low et al, 1992).…”

Section: Physiology Of Glutamatementioning

confidence: 99%

Consensus meeting: monosodium glutamate – an update

et al. 2006

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Objective: Update of the Hohenheim consensus on monosodium glutamate from 1997: Summary and evaluation of recent knowledge with respect to physiology and safety of monosodium glutamate. Design: Experts from a range of relevant disciplines received and considered a series of questions related to aspects of the topic. Setting: University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany. Method: The experts met and discussed the questions and arrived at a consensus. Conclusion: Total intake of glutamate from food in European countries is generally stable and ranged from 5 to 12 g/day (free: ca. 1 g, protein-bound: ca. 10 g, added as flavor: ca. 0.4 g). L-Glutamate (GLU) from all sources is mainly used as energy fuel in enterocytes. A maximum intake of 16.000 mg/kg body weight is regarded as safe. The general use of glutamate salts (monosodium-L-glutamate and others) as food additive can, thus, be regarded as harmless for the whole population. Even in unphysiologically high doses GLU will not trespass into fetal circulation. Further research work should, however, be done concerning the effects of high doses of a bolus supply at presence of an impaired blood brain barrier function. In situations with decreased appetite (e.g., elderly persons) palatability can be improved by low dose use of monosodium-L-glutamate.

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Section: Physiology Of Glutamatementioning

confidence: 99%

Consensus meeting: monosodium glutamate – an update

et al. 2006

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“…1,2 Mammalian glutaminase (GLS) is an enzyme responsible for the hydrolytic deamidation of Gln into Glutamate (Glu) and ammonium ions. Two paralogous genes on separate chromosomes encode distinct GLS isozymes: the kidney-type isozyme, GLS1, and the liver-type isozyme, GLS2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two paralogous genes on separate chromosomes encode distinct GLS isozymes: the kidney-type isozyme, GLS1, and the liver-type isozyme, GLS2. 3,4 Although early studies showed that GLS1 is ubiquitously expressed, 2 and that GLS2 is mainly expressed in the liver, 4 more recent observations indicate that the expression pattern is more complex. Indeed, GLS2 has also been detected in brain, 5 pancreas, 6 cancer cells, 7 and cells of the immune system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GLS2 is transcriptionally regulated by p73 and contributes to neuronal differentiation

Velletri

Romeo²,

Tucci

et al. 2013

Cell Cycle

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The amino acid Glutamine is converted into Glutamate by a deamidation reaction catalyzed by the enzyme Glutaminase (GLS). Two isoforms of this enzyme have been described, and the GLS2 isoform is regulated by the tumor suppressor gene p53. Here, we show that the p53 family member TAp73 also drives the expression of GLS2. Specifically, we demonstrate that TAp73 regulates GLS2 during retinoic acid-induced terminal neuronal differentiation of neuroblastoma cells, and overexpression or inhibition of GLS2 modulates neuronal differentiation and intracellular levels of ATP. Moreover, inhibition of GLS activity, by removing Glutamine from the growth medium, impairs in vitro differentiation of cortical neurons. Finally, expression of GLS2 increases during mouse cerebellar development. Although, p73 is dispensable for the in vivo expression of GLS2, TAp73 loss affects GABA and Glutamate levels in cortical neurons. Together, these findings suggest a role for GLS2 acting, at least in part, downstream of p73 in neuronal differentiation and highlight a possible role of p73 in regulating neurotransmitter synthesis

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“…As one of the most abundant amino acids in plasma, L-Gln is synthesised and stored in several tissues, including both lung and skeletal muscle. L-Gln becomes conditionally essential in states of severe stress in which intracellular L-Gln levels can fall by~50% and plasma concentrations by 30% (Kovacevic and McGivan 1983). A study by Singleton and Wischmeyer (2006) showed that in rats previously administered with L-Gln orally and then exposed to hyperthermic conditions, HSP expression in gut tissues was enhanced, gut permeability was reduced, and plasma endotoxin concentrations were lower than in rats exposed to hyperthermia without L-Gln supplementation.…”

Section: Heat Shock Proteins and Thermo-tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Potential nutritional strategies for the amelioration or prevention of high rigor temperature in cattle – a review

DiGiacomo¹,

Leury²,

Dunshea³

2014

Anim. Prod. Sci.

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Abstract. Environmental conditions influence animal production from an animal performance perspective and at the carcass level post-slaughter. High rigor temperature occurs when the animal is hyperthermic pre-slaughter, and this leads to tougher meat. Hyperthermia can result from increased environmental temperature, exercise, stress or a combination of these factors. Consumer satisfaction with beef meat is influenced by the visual and sensory traits of the product when raw and cooked, with beef consumers commonly selecting tenderness of the product as the most important quality trait. High rigor temperature leads to a reduction in carcass and eating quality. This review examines some possible metabolic causes of hyperthermia, with focus on the importance of adipose tissue metabolism and the roles of insulin and leptin. Potential strategies for the amelioration or prevention of high rigor temperature are offered, including the use of dietary supplements such as betaine and chromium, anti-diabetic agents such as thiazolidinediones, vitamin D, and magnesium (Mg) to provide stress relief.

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Mitochondrial metabolism of glutamine and glutamate and its physiological significance.

Cited by 359 publications

References 0 publications

Consensus meeting: monosodium glutamate – an update

Consensus meeting: monosodium glutamate – an update

GLS2 is transcriptionally regulated by p73 and contributes to neuronal differentiation

Potential nutritional strategies for the amelioration or prevention of high rigor temperature in cattle – a review

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